Why Crimes Are Committed By African Americans - 1744 Words

African American Criminological Thought was published September 15, 2000 by Helen Taylor Greene and Shaun L. Gabbidon. In this book, there is ten African American criminologists presenting different research studies in regards to many different reasons and possible conclusions as to why crimes are committed by African Americans. For the most part, the criminologists all take an approach on how racism plays a huge role in the criminal activity of African Americans. However, they all have different perspectives on why and how criminal acts come about, but mainly are having the same conclusions from their evaluations at the end of their research and studies. In addition, they try to find ways to decrease blacks’ criminal activity. For†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, how certain crimes were overlooked based on one’s color and social status in the community. Du Bois also argues, if whites continue not to allow blacks work, they will most likely commit crimes. In a ddition, that no matter how big or small a crime is, the offender ends up harassed and killed. With that, Du Bois felt segregation was becoming the cause of more crimes amongst blacks and whites and increasingly dangerous. Monroe Nathan Work was one of very few African Americans accepted in undergraduate and graduate programs, but never really were chosen to work in the community, or be accepted as scholars. He was interested in providing accurate information in regards to Negroes. Work founded and edited the Negro Yearbook between 1912 and 1938; although it contained over ninety-eight topics, lynching and health were Work’s biggest concerns. He argued that their increase in criminal activity was because of financial situations. Just like the previous criminologists, Work noted that it was important to understand Negro crime. He strongly believes crimes were greater in the North than South because when they traveled to the North they faced many challenges in order to survive. He also argues Negroes had little respect for the criminal justice system because it never really worked in their favor. Also, just like Du Bois pointed out, that blacks were sentenced unfairly for petty crimes and how lynching

Syrian Refugees Should Not Be Allowed Into America

Since 2011, more than 250,000 people have been killed in the Syrian civil war. Millions of other Syrians are searching for a secure home. America could provide a home to these Syrians if they were well prepared and funded. Taking in Syrian refugees would have no help to Syria, be dangerous for American citizens and be an extremely ignorant move, considering we are not prepared for almost 50,000 refugees. Syrian refugees should not be allowed into America. If Americans do take in refugees, this will have little to no help to Syria. This will benefit the refugees, but taking in Syrian refugees doesn’t help the Syrian civil war or the war against the multiple terror groups in Syria. Furthermore, this will decrease the population, which can potentially harm the country. As of 2013, the population of Syria is 22.8 million. Since 2011, 11 million people have been displaced from their homes. Not all these people have left the country, but many of them have, and are refugees looking for a home. This does not help Syria’s current situation, because if they lose population it could hurt their country even more. If we take in Syrian refugees, this will offer very minimal help for Syria. Taking in Syrian refugees will not help Syria, because we only would be taking a portion of the refugees that are looking for a home. This would provide help for the refugees, but it would not help Syria’s overall condition. Syria is in the middle of two wars; A terror war and a civil war. AllowingShow MoreRelatedThe Arc Of American History1376 Words   |  6 PagesMcGreevey Civil liberties are the freedom of a citizen to exercise rights, without government interference. Every citizen of the United States is allowed right, but what about refugees? Ten-thousand Syrian refugees fleeing a war-torn country will be accepted into the United States. The big question within this debate is â€Å"Is this right and should it be allowed, according the United States Constitution?†. This specific debate is not a debate on who is right and wrong in the situation. This debate dealsRead MoreSyrian And The Syrian Civil War1191 Words   |  5 Pagesto the current state of our nation and nations abroad, we should not allow Syrian refugees to enter the U.S. at this time to ensure the safety of those already in the country. The Situation in Syria In recent years, there has been an extreme shift in the desire for change throughout Syria on a political level. The large surge of Syrian refugees is a direct result of the Syrian civil war and the extreme violence that it has created. The Syrian civil war began in 2011 with the execution of several democraticRead MoreThe Syrian Refugee Crisis Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesregarding a specific current event. In the case of the Syrian refugee crisis, my interest stems from my fascination with the glaring hypocrisy of American exceptionalism that bubbles to surface when the international crockpot of geopolitics turns sour with abhorrently violent dictators and the inevitable civil wars that remove them from power. The Syrian government, under the power of Bashar Hafez al-Assad, has resorted to violence against Syrian citizens who are critical of the government. The â€Å"crisis†Read MoreRefugee Crisis Is The Country Of Hopes And Dreams1232 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica is the country of hopes and dreams. We have many principles that make our country great. For example, we have freedom, rights, equality, and having the nickname â€Å"Melting Pot.† Over many centuries, America has accepted immigrants and refugees of multiple nationalities and backgrounds to live up to their famous nickname. However; why should we stop accepting refugees now? Even though many Americans assume ac cepting refugees will ruin our country, we should accept Syrian refugees into the UnitedRead MoreThe Refugee Crisis At Un 8th Annual Mid Pacific Regional Conference876 Words   |  4 Pagesthat Panel. I think is very important to see how the pressure increases to the US accept more Syrian Refugees. The International Red Cross and thousands of people want Syrian refugees to come to the US so far, the US has accepted only 2,000 Syrian refugees according to Sana Mustafa, European countries are grappling with the crisis: Germany has accepted 2,000,000 refugees. Of the four million Syrian refugees who have fled attacks by the government and ISIS, the US has received 0.03% of them. That isRead MoreThe Denial Of Syrian Refugees849 Words   |  4 Pageslike the years before World War II with Jewish refugees, America is currently resisting the call of helpless Syrian refugees (â€Å"History Repeats...Jewish Refugees† para. 1). For centuries, the United States of America has had the claim and reputation of being a haven to anyone who sought it. The country is closing its doors and ignoring the people it should be aiding the most. The vile attitude of the United States towards the relocation of Syrian refugees is an abomination to the beliefs that the countryRead MoreThe Syrian Refugees Into America1197 Words   |  5 Pages The welcoming of numerous Syrian refugees into America is contentious, likely to cause or is causing an argument. It s no secret that our President, Barack Obama, made a promise, a year ago, to bring in at least 10,000 Syrian refugees in the next fiscal year. Those who are all for it believe showing our morals, using non-government hel p, bettering our economy, adding to our diversity, and strengthening our alliance is what will come out of allowing them through. The opposers feel that the likelyhoodRead MoreThe Syrian Refugee Crisis906 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica--a once a proud leader in world politics, now cowers in hesitancy and in indecision. We have been presented a gift, in the wake of the Syrian refugee crisis, to retake our place as The Superpower, and what do we do? We would rather listen to bigots spew nonsense, have a circus sideshow perform, and only take half measures to show we are ‘doing our part’. How about we take a stand, and look through the facade, and do something. A common cause for concern--amongst our many incompetent citizensRead MoreThe Problem Of Syrian Refugees Coming Into Their Countries Illegally1347 Words   |  6 Pages Europe is also facing the problem of Syrian refugees coming into their countries illegally. One of the most concerning fact about this, besides the danger of terrorists, is that many refugee are dying trying to get into these countries. One story that shocked the world is that of the Kurdi family. Abdullah Kurdi and his family were on the boat, sailing from Turkey to Greece to start new lives in Europe, away from the conflict of the middle east. About 20 minutes into the trip, their boat was capsizedRead MoreDecision Concerning The Syrian Refugee Crisis1345 Words   |  6 Pagesstruggles to come to a decision concerning the Syrian Refugee Crisis, the problem continues to grow in other parts of the world. This past November, the U. N. reached out to America, asking the country to honor their traditions and accept Syrian Refugees into the county to set an example for the rest of the world (Oren). However, fear of attack has made many countries more cautious and more likely to close t heir doors to Syrian refugees. Also, because America is taking so long to intervene, places such

Sexual and Reproductive health needs of Sex workers in Tanzania Free Essays

string(42) " when vacuum aspiration is not available\." 1. INTRODUCTION Around the world sex workers are defined as â€Å"female, male and transgender adults and young people who receive money or goods in exchange for sexual services, either regularly or occasionally, and who may or may not consciously define those activities as income-generating.†The term sex worker has gained popularity over prostitute because those involved feel that it is less stigmatizing and say that the reference to work better describes their experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual and Reproductive health needs of Sex workers in Tanzania or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to UNAIDS,(2005) a sex worker is person who provides sex for money or goods and this may be occasionally or on regular basis. The groups involve female male adolescences and transgender adult, but they don’t exactly consider this act as earning money. It estimated about 1995, 333 million cases of curable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) occurred in the world, 65 millions of which were from Sub-Sahara Africa alone. WHO, (2007) In Tanzania sex work is illegal under Tanzanian law. However, sex work is practiced openly in many areas across the country Due to lack of money Many women and children engage into this business due poverty which is caused by lack money Sex work in Tanzania including child trafficking is a major problem, especially in Zanzibar and Pemba child sex tourism is largely operated, and majority of them are infected by STI. Many of the children got involved into this sex work due to various problems for example after becoming orphans after their parents died from HIV/AIDS. ILO, (2001) Majority of women and youths are the most affected groups due to being unstable economically, socially and cultural. Therefore, it is evidence that lack of money is one of the country determinants. Sex workers are categorized as a mobile population (sex workers) which is at high-risk due to their vulnerability to infectious diseases due to the nature of the work like plasticising sex without use of condom. NACP,(2007). get tempted easier to exchange sex for money which put them into risk including their partners to acquire sexual transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. More than 50% of the Tanzanians live below the poverty margin which forces them into sex exploitation.Sex workers usually has low access to health services including screening and treatment of HIV and AIDS. NACP, (2007). Ford .N. et al, (1999), revealed that in sex worker industry there are different groups involved in this practice men who sell sex to other men and gender issue is not a problem to them. This report is mainly going to look on Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of female sex workers. There are two types of sex workers direct sex worker and indirect sex worker. Direct Sex Worker is a person, male or female, selling sex as an occupation or main source of income. Direct Sex Workers may be either street based or based in a brothel or other fixed location, whereby an Indirect Sex Worker is a person, male or female, working in the entertainment business, such as in bars, karaoke canters, beauty salons or massage parlours, who to increase their income also sell sex. It should be noted that not everyone working in these places sells sex. 1.1 Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of sex workers Around the world sex workers are regarded as higher vulnerable groups with high prevalence (United Nations, 2003). In order to minimize the prevalence of STI, several steps measures needs to be enforced into this groups. Education on sexuality-It includes comprehensive sexual education programs including community based health programs Screening and Treatment of STIs-It involves the screening and treatment of STI for sex workers and community at high risk for various diseases like gonorrhoea Chlamydia including HIV/AIDS and HIP .Screening and treatment has being identified as the effective way for sexual and reproductive needs for female commercial sex workers in Tanzania . Steen, (2002.2003) in his study revealed that both presumptive for sex workers and community based STI treatment for whole communities at high risk, can reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Family Planning Services–Ongoing and availability of Contraceptive and counselling services are vital to these groups. Moreover, types and how to comply with the pills is very essential as this will help to minimize the unwanted and unsafe abortions. Delivery Services –It includes ANC and Delivery services -This type of service is essential for Sex workers due high number of pregnancies caused by unsafe sex. (Guttmacher Institute 1998). Condom Use Services (programs). Availability of Condoms and their utilization among female sex workers in Tanzania is vital as many of sex workers are forced to perform unprotective sex by violent clients and the amount of money given. Establishment of clear policy framework for sex work– It involves development of strategies , legislative changes and its implementation Healthcare access –Fare/available access to healthcare services such drop in centre In Tanzania there are severalReproductive and Sexual health policies that aims to improve and also address the needs of women such as National policy on HIV/AIDS National adolescence health policy but all these policies does not contain provision of sexual Reproductive Health for Female Sex Workers . The reproductive and sexual health policies that exist within the Tanzanian health system aims to address the needs of women include; the national reproductive health strategy, national adolescent health policy and the national policy on HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, because sex work is illegal in Tanzania sex workers are outside the scope of national HIV/AIDS programmes. However, these policies have no provision for specialized Reproductive Health services for FSWs which is necessary to address the reproductive and sexual needs of Female sex workers. Assessment of Unmet Needs. Contraceptive services. Family planning helps to reduce the number of highly risk pregnancies that results in high level of maternal illness and death (Health Policy 2009). In every country, sex workers face many of the same dangers and rights problems. Despite legal restriction and the medical risks associated with clandestine procedure, Tanzanian women obtain abortion from a wide range of providers, including doctors at private clinics, organisation when vacuum aspiration is not available. You read "Sexual and Reproductive health needs of Sex workers in Tanzania" in category "Essay examples" Women in rural areas have less much access to treatment for abortion complications than do women in urban settings. Private sector facilities handle more than half of post abortion care cases despite the fact that they charge patients about three times more than public facilities do. In East Africa in 2003, almost one in five maternal deaths were due to unsafe abortion .Even more common are long term health problem social stigma and infertility. Abortions performed by a skilled person are much more expensive than riskier procedure performed by unskilled provider’s .Therefore it is likely In Tanzania the need for safe abortion is very important issue especially among FSWs as some of them due the lack of the clear abortion service .From my own experience when FSWs they get pregnant they end up killing their born infants and wrap them in a bin liner or any plastics bags and throw them along the road. 2. ASSESSMENT OF NEEDS 2.1 STI Screening The sexual and reproductive health needs of sex workers have been neglected both in research and public health interventions, like Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which have almost exclusively focused on STI/HIV prevention. Chacham et al, (2007), revealed that the reasons among this issue are due to the condemnation, stigma and ambiguous legal status of sex work Majority of Female Commercial Sex Workers (FCSW) often have high rate of STIs due to unprotective sex activities and access to effective STI treatment. Frequent unprotective sexual exposure put sex workers, their clients and other partners all at high risk of acquiring HIV/STIs Steen, (2003). Reducing the prevalence of Sexual Transmitted infection (STIs) would greatly reduce the risk of transmission of HIV. 2.2 CONDOMS According to (UNAIDS 2000), It is very essential to involve sex workers in policy and programme development and implementation as part of the overall empowerment –building process and for greater programme effectiveness. Many 100% condom use programs are focused on the experience of Thailand. In the 1990s, Thailand conducted a massive programme on control of HIV which showed a significant drop on visits to commercial sex workers by half, utilization of condom Increased, the prevalence of STDs fell dramatically, and achieved substantial reductions in new HIV infections. Avert (2007). Similar programs were implemented successful in Cambodia, Laos, Mongolia and Philippines whereby, in most of these programs local or national authorities, including police, were required to use condoms in every sex act. Use of Contraceptive A study conducted by Delvaux, (2003) found that huge number of female sex workers had limited knowledge of how to use contraceptive pills, condoms and syringes for those who are IV drug users. In Tanzania the use of contraceptive pills among majority of sex workers was very limited which increased the percentage of safe abortion due to poor awareness. Globally condom use alone is considered problematic by family planning promotion due to fear of birth rate increase or abortion and this happens during the first year of condom use when more accidents are likely to happen (Berer, 1997) . Another problem is the wide spread provision of non-barrier contraceptive for sex workers might lead to reduction in their use of condom (Delvaux, 2003). Another problem is the wide spread provision of non-barrier contraceptive for sex workers might lead to reduction in their use of condom (Delvaux, 2003). Healthcare access – Some of the sex workers in Tanzania fear to use Public healthcare facilities due to discrimination and stigma from healthcare workers, other service users, lack of money and insurance due to poverty. Many sex workers in East Africa lack access to the insurance system because of their profession. Some are trafficked women from rural area who do not have identification or permanent residence documents they need to get health care. Landipo, (2005) revealed that high attendace to private health facilities like Pharmacies and medical stores; to purchase contraceptive pills contributes to low attendance to public facilities, which can results to poor compliance of the contraceptive pill among sex workers Recommendations Based on findings above, the following recommendations are being made to the national centre for HIV/AIDS and STIs: Proposed programme components: Sensitise policy makers to enact laws which lead to tolerance of FSWs. This will be a cornerstone to destigmatisation and allow these women to enjoy a greater degree of human rights. It will also allow the government to set aside specific funding and to solicit ate further input from the donor community. Mobilization of FSWs for a systematic STD/HIV/AIDS prevention course that includes participatory education, prevention, and positive living when infected and peer counselling. The condoms should be free or at a price the FSWs can afford. Proper use of condom is crucial in the absence of a vaccine or cure. It is also important for FSWs to know where to get condoms for example. Clinics, chemists and peer educators also storage and disposal methods should be covered in education. Although condom is the prevention method of choice, it is not 100% efficient due to breakage or slipping, meaning that some FSWs will still get infected. Therefore prompt and proper management of STDs which includes counselling, condom use, contact tracing and compliance is vital for prevention of HIV transmission. Proper use contraceptive pills needed in order to meet compliance and its irrational use. The FSWs should be trained and offered opportunities for alternative income generating activities. This is because according to the writer’s experience, well over 90% of women in Africa are in commercial sex due to poverty and lack of an alternative. The low economic status also interferes with condom negotiation and therefore should be addressed. BIBLIOGRAPHY UNAIDS Guidance Notes on HIV and Sex Work, 2009, p. 2. http//www.Sciencedirect.com/science bibliography UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Young People (2006) Section 2. (reference above) bibliography Department of Reproductive Health and Research (2004) Part 2 (reference above) bibliography Sexual and Reproductive Health needs of sex Workers: Two feminist Projects in Brazil. Bibliography References Laga M., Alory M., Anzala N., Monoko A.T., Behets F., Goeman J., St.Louis World Health Organisation (2010).â€Å"Health systems policies and service delivery†. [online]. [Accessed 20 January 2011]. Available from: http://www.who.int/countries/nga/areas/health_systems/en/index.html M., Piot P.: Condom Promotion, Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment and Declining Incidence of HIV1 Infection in Female Zairian Sex Workers. Lancet 1994; 334:246-48. Ngugi E.N., Staugard F., Gallachi A., Njoroge M., Waweru A.L Social Economic Empowers Commercial Sex Workers to Reduce Reported Attack Rate of STDs. Xth International Conference on AIDS and STD in Africa, Abidjan, December 1997. (C. 290). DITTMORE, M. 2008. Punishing Sex Workers Won’t Curb HIV/AIDS, Says Ban-Ki Moon. 24 June. RH reality check. [online]. [Accessed 18 January 2011]. Available from: http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2008/06/23/sex-workers-grateful-banki-moon World Health Organisation (2010).â€Å"Health systems policies and service delivery†. [online]. [Accessed 15 feburary 2010]. Available from: http://www.who.int/countries/nga/areas/health_systems/en/index.html Chacham AS, Diniz SG, Maia MB, Galati AF, Mirim LA, 2007.Reproductive Health MATTERS [Online].15(29), [Accessed 30 January 2011), pp106-119 The Open Tropical Medicine Journal, 2 2009 [online]. [Accessed 07 Feb. 11], pp 27-38 Stadler J, Delaney S. The ‘healthy brothel’: The context of clinical services for sex workers in Hill brow, South Africa. Cult Health Sex 2006; 8(5): 451-63. Ford N, Koetsawang S. The socio-cultural context of the transmission of HIV in Thailand. Soc Sci Med 1991; 33(4): 405-14.Wojcicki J, Malala J. Condom use, power and HIV/AIDS risk: sex workers bargain for survival in Hillbrow/Joubert/Brea, Johannesburg.Soc Sci Med 2001; 53: 99-121. Pisani E et al (2003) back to basics in HIV prevention: focus of exposure. British Medical Journal, 326, 1384-7 GEETANJALI.G, 2002.Unmet needs: Reproductive Health Needs, Sex Work and Sex Workers .Social Scientist.30 (5/6) pp.79-102 How to cite Sexual and Reproductive health needs of Sex workers in Tanzania, Essay examples

Effectiveness of Signage among Workers- Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Signage among Workers. Answer: A construction business always needs implementation of signs in order to control the hazards in workplace. The proper implementation of the signs will provide prevention towards injury and result in saving lives. Initial research idea: Aim of the research: The aim of this research is to deal with the effect of the use of signage in the construction work place. Research objective: The research objectives are Importance of the signage in construction site To ensure whether the workers have proper knowledge of what the signage expresses. To discuss to importance of signage in the construction sites to prevent mishap Questions of the research: The question of the research is: Is the implementation of safety signage effective for the workers? Rationale of the research: Signage is referred to the use of signs for communicating to a specific group in terms of professionalism. Signage plays a vital role in the construction business to prevent any kind of accidental occurrences. Signage conveys information, shows direction, identifies the accident prone areas and regulates warnings to avoid the mishaps. This research is on the effective role of the signage on the construction site workers. Literature review: Safety is the foremost concern in every construction projects. The owners often leave the safety of the workers because the contractor is more comfortable for handling such operational issues. This is a wrong way, the owner should direct the ways of the construction project along with guiding safety measures for the workers. The owners should be more active in order to provide the workers with proper safety (Choudhry 2014). Signage is the primary yet helpful way to communicate with the workers because many of the workers are illiterate and unable to read so the signs will help them to understand the indications and follow the instructions. Role of safety signage: Safety signs at a dangerous place on the construction sites in order to reduce the happenings of hazards (Choudhry 2014). Before implementing those signs the contractor or owner must be aware of the fact that the precautions will reduce the number of accidents in that area. A safety sign consists of a sign that informs about the cautions of the site. The signs mainly used in construction sites are construction safety, custom safety, electrical safety, flammable material, forklift, and health hazard, keep away, lockout, machine safety, personal protection, safety awareness, warehouse safety and watch step safety signs (Teizer, Cheng and Fang 2013). Application of the signs: The sign of custom safety makes the construction area safer with a custom signboard of hazards and regulations. The safety construction sign informs the workers about the working policies and determines theft issues of the sites. The signs help the workers to prevent injuries all over the body and protect the workers as well as visitors of the site (Choudhry 2014). Owners role: The owners role regarding a construction project starts as soon as the design of the project is prepared. The owner develops a thoughtful process ensuring about the consistency of the project. The owner needs to maintain a safety goals process ensuring about zero injuries and well protection regarding the span of work (Liu, Jazayeri and Dadi 2017).. The basic truths about the workers are that they do not want to be killed or injured. Contractors role: The main objective of the contractor is to complete the project within the scheduled time and make estimated profit from the project. In order to fulfil this, the contractor forgets the safety of the workers and this result in accidents and mishaps. Safety is the prime issue of any construction site and failure to which is highly risky (Mki and Kerosuo 2015). Implementation of the signs: The contractor or owners must clear the exact meaning and importance of the signs to the employees. The contractor should specify to the workers the variations of colours used in the signs so that they are properly aware what each of the signs states. Safety policy is the statement that discloses the mission of the project including the safety matters (Park and Kim 2013). The contractor or owner need to conduct a safety meeting in order to discuss about the safety of the workers. Strategies in reducing accidents: The first thing that should be implemented to overcome the problems in construction site is to take severe actions against the contractors or owners who do not look after the safety measures of the workers (Park and Kim 2013). The contractor and the owner needs to conduct several training sessions to convey the effectiveness of the signage to the workers so that the workers will be able to avoid the accidents and help themselves to be safe. There are many times when the workers do not follow the rules and regulations, in case of that the owner should implement an amount of fine, which is to be paid in case of violations of the rules. The workers for the fear of losing money will not violate the rules and this can reduce the number of accidents. The owners must award the workers with some reward money that will be given to them if they agree to follow the guidelines. The owner and contractor must collaborate with each other in order to find a solution regarding the lessening of the ac cidents (Fang, D. and Wu H.,, 2013). The owner or management and the contractor play the most vital role in assuring the safety of the workers in a construction site. The key to successful construction is not the costing or management of timing but it lies within the safety of the workers and the visitors (El-Sayegh and Mansour 2015). The construction project if safely completed provides the people with an area of interest. The owner and contractors must on a regular basis contact the workers and determine them about the efficiency of the signs in the site. There is also a need of personal equipments that will help the workers to be safe in case if they face any accident (D?jus and Antuchevi?ien? 2013). Safety boots, cloaks, helmets can provide the workers with self-safety. The secondary things required to ensure the safety of the workers is the fire alarm, fire extinguisher and the workers must be aware of how to use the fire extinguisher in case of fire. As technology is improving, the construction sites must have tem porary damp riser in order to prevent fire. (Teizer, Cheng and Fang 2013) References: Choudhry, R.M., 2014. Behavior-based safety on construction sites: A case study.Accident Analysis Prevention,70, pp.14-23. D?jus, T. and Antuchevi?ien?, J., 2013. Assessment of health and safety solutions at a construction site.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,19(5), pp.728-737. El-Sayegh, S.M. and Mansour, M.H., 2015. Risk assessment and allocation in highway construction projects in the UAE.Journal of Management in Engineering,31(6), p.04015004. Fang, D. and Wu H.,, 2013. Development of a Safety Culture Interaction (SCI) model for construction projects.Safety science. Liu, H., Jazayeri, E. and Dadi, G.B., 2017. Establishing the Influence of Owner Practices on Construction Safety in an Operational Excellence Model.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,143(6), p.04017005. Mki, T. and Kerosuo, H., 2015. Site managers daily work and the uses of building information modelling in construction site management.Construction Management and Economics,33(3), pp.163-175. Park, C.S. and Kim, H.J., 2013. A framework for construction safety management and visualization system.Automation in Construction,33, pp.95-103. Teizer, J., Cheng, T. and Fang, Y., 2013. Location tracking and data visualization technology to advance construction workers' education and training in safety and productivity.Automation in Construction,35, pp.53-68.

The Rapid Development Of The Technology For Cloning Has Led To Moral D

The rapid development of the technology for cloning has led to moral debates around the world on whether or not to ban creating human clones. With the advancement of clone technology two states, California and Michigan have already banned the cloning of humans. "Everybody who thought it would proceed slowly and could be stopped was wrong, said Lee Silver, a professor from the University of Princeton (McFarling 1) . . ." Without proper research on behalf of the politicians of California and Michigan, the premature ban should be reconsidered and appealed. Cloning could provide a way for infertile couples to produce children genetically similar to themselves, a method of creating spare organs for transplants, and a cure for genetic disease. Human cloning may provide numerous benefits to mankind and should not be banned. Cloning is the Creation of another person that is an exact copy of another person (Clarke 1); this leaves too much to the imagination and leads to misunderstanding of the methods scientists use in cloning. In more clear terms, cloning is the process in which DNA of a female egg is replaced with different DNA from another cell. This process is referred to as the Nuclear Transfer or Nuclear Substitution. DNA molecules are the strings of protein that hold genetic coding. In this operation, the nucleus, which is the part of the cell that contains the DNA, are carefully removed from an unfertilized female egg then replaced with the DNA from the cell of another person (Harris 4). The egg with the DNA from another person is then manipulated into believing it has been fertilized and is implanted into the womb of the mother just as is done in the process of vitro fertilization. Afterwards the fetus develops and is born after nine months, just like a natural baby (Dumesic 1). What this means is that the clone shares only the same DNA as the person from which it was cloned. It shares none of the same memories, knows none of the same people, and it will experience completely different things. The clone is like a much younger identical twin. The person and the clone of the person share the same genetic structure, which means the clone will look the exact same as the original. Studies have shown that identical twins who are raised apart often share similar personalities and intelligence, even though possessed of entirely different experience and background (Vere 3). A mixture between two people's genetic structure could provide a way for infertile couples or homosexual couples with a way to create a genetically related child. There are many couples in the world of which one of the partners is unable to naturally donate his/her genes for the purpose of procreation. Only through cloning technology will they be able to give birth to a child that is related to them genetically. Ensuring that the families genes are passed on to future generations would be more appealing to parents than adoption or using sperm and eggs from an unrelated donor. In late 1997 Richard Seed announced that he would attempt to create a child using cloning technology, and his post menopausal wife would be carrying the child. "Seed, with no medical credentials or funding, is not expected to succeed (McFarling 2) . . ." It is possible to create a full human being by cloning, but the clone does not have to develop into a full human. Inhibitors can be injected into a growing clone so that only certain organs will be produced. This process does not require a mother to carry the child for 9 months, and can be done in a laboratory petri dish. This gives doctors a way to create "spare parts" to be used in transplants. The major problems with transplants today are organ rejections; it is important to find a donor that matches certain criteria so that the immune system does not destroy the organ. For example, a liver can be grown outside the body using the patients own DNA and used in a transplant without fear of rejection. This will eliminate the need for anti-rejection drugs and provide for a healthier recovery (Nash 1). Simple tissues such as skin cells have already been

8 Cheap and Easy Work Lunch Ideas to Save You Money

8 Cheap and Easy Work Lunch Ideas to Save You Money Sick of the same old sandwich? Or shelling out $20 to order take-out to your desk? Or just the usual spot you and your coworkers go and get the same $10 salad every single day? Save money, calories, and sanity by packing yourself an enjoyable and tasty lunch that might just help you enjoy your workday that much more. Here are some great ideas to get you started.1. Jar SaladYes, this is still a salad, but a) you make it yourself so you’re not paying a ridiculous markup, and b) you can buy in bulk and create the following package a few times a week. Boom- healthy and cheap. Pack your salad in an adorable mason jar. Just put dressing, wet ingredients, and moisture resistant veggies on the bottom, then layer other veggies, proteins, greens, grains, and crunchy bits as you work your way up the jar. Tie a fork to the side and you’re set!2. To-Go-GurtSame bulk and money-saving theory, same container, maybe a little more fun. Layer granola, compote or jam, fruit, yogurt, etc. i n a delicious mason jar parfait. Or, keep a container of yogurt, a box of cereal, and some berries in your work fridge and make this on the spot, if you’re able to. This makes a fab portable breakfast or even a pick-me-up snack for the 3 p.m. munchies.3. Wraps Made in the OfficeSandwiches are boring and don’t travel and sit in a Tupperware all too well. Instead, box up the tasty filling of your choice (leftovers work great here) and keep a pack of wraps in your work kitchen (tortillas, gluten-free wraps, whatever you fancy). You can think bigger and better than PBJ here, but still get that lunchtime sandwich fix:  chicken Caesar, creamy avocado and white bean, southwestern spiced†¦ whatever your creative filling of choice, just pop it in a   and you’re good to go.4. Sturdy SaladsInstead of the everyday lettuce, try making a grain salad for healthy whole grains and extra energy. Try quinoa, faro, barley, wheat berries, or even couscous as a base, then ad d in crunch veggies, nuts, protein, and a bit of dressing as you see fit.5. Creative SandwichesMaybe you’re committed to the classic sammie but have hit a rut. Just because you’re bored of ham and cheese or PBJ doesn’t mean sandwiches need to be off the table. Try fruit! Add apples to your turkey and brie, or your almond butter. Try a pear-walnut combo on cinnamon raisin bread. Use hummus, avocado, smashed beans. Pesto! Sweet potatoes. Veggie burger patties. Get creative. And it’s not all about tuna fish or egg salad. Try salmon salad, or curried chicken salad for a change.6. Hearty BowlsYou go buy burrito bowls or fajita bowls or Baja bowls or Buddha bowls†¦ why not make one yourself? Just layer in your grains, protein, greens, and flourishes (never underestimate a sauce or herbal garnish), and you’ll have a healthy and hearty meal for yourself at work.7. Slow CookingPut your leftovers to work for you. Make a giant batch of something in your Crockpot. It will cook while you’re at work one day, and can either be dinner one night and lunch the next, or an easy freezable lunch in Tupperware. Or practice what many savvy lunchers do- the Sunday afternoon meal prep. You can knock out at least 2 or 3 meals with one big batch cook while you’re hanging out around the house on a weekend morning. It’s worth the prep to save you money and time during the hectic work week.

Standardized testing - Cons Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Standardized testing - Cons - Research Paper Example since then it has been a debatable topic. It has become one of the most controversial topics in the education field where educationists have presented different views about this type of testing. Initially, the standardized testing was used to enhance the thinking skills and was seen as a way to expand the education system, but as soon as this type of testing became a persistent aspect of higher education, the educationists criticized it, and argued that this is not the basis of education. A standardized test is measured and administered in a consistent manner. It usually comprises of multiple choice or true and false questions, it does not encourage critical thinking or analytical study, and rather it repeats the same mindless facts. The standardized tests are needed by schools in order to meet their federal funding. When a school knows that some percentage of their students needs to pass the standardized test in order to ensure their funding, they give this test immense importance (Downing and Haladyna, 2006). There are test curriculums given to the teachers which include the basic and important items that are featured in this test. According to that, the teachers have to plan their lessons. There is further pressure to get all the material that is needed in order to introduce to the class before the test so that any confusion or trouble of the student can be resolved (Downing and Haladyna, 2006). This system is at times referred to as the system to test the progress made by the teachers and school management rather than addressing to the students’ abilities and learning (Assessor, 2011). Educationists have long debated on the fact that whether standardized testing is fair. Standardized tests are hence, referred as unfair and unhelpful evaluation tools. In these exams, all the questions are either multiple choice or true and false. All the test takers answer the same questions on the same conditions. These tests reward to quick answers and usually

Outline the main approaches taken to tackle child poverty over the Essay

Outline the main approaches taken to tackle child poverty over the past decade. What lessons can we learn from these for the current government's approach to tackling child poverty - Essay Example It is indispensable to note that the strategies employed by the central government including enactment of Child government Act 2010 have remained essential in significant reduction of child poverty in United Kingdom. The paper explores the main methods used by the government in tackling child poverty and discusses some of the lessons learnt from the approaches. The central government of United Kingdom initiated several taxation policies that ensured tax relief for working parents with the main aim of improving their income. The tax reliefs include several programs including Child tax credit, working tax credit, and other Child benefits. The tax benefits aims at providing extra income for the poor families who cannot independently support their children. In ensuring taxation reliefs for families, the government has used the income tax system in such a way that it enables families to retain more of their earnings. The government ensures tax reliefs through income tax personal allowances with the aim of improving family earnings. The plans have been essential in improving income earnings in amongst families and consequently raising their standards of living and independence. The working tax credit relates to benefits from the state within United Kingdom that government advances to citizens who work but have low income. The taxation scheme that the government introduced in April 2003 exists as the contemporary system of refundable tax credit that aims at providing relief for poverty stricken families. The program also remains available to childless parents with adopted dependent children besides working families who need external support to manage their families. In addition, citizens may claim working tax credit mainly if they remain responsible for any child within United Kingdom. The central government of United Kingdom introduced the working tax credit with the main aim of

How do fitness center customers percieve service quality of the Essay

How do fitness center customers percieve service quality of the fitness center - Essay Example Health care costs will reduce because of the decreased medical checkup indemnity bounties, contracted Habitual absence from work, decreased employee turnover rates, decreased employee 's recompense arrogates, decreased timing, less retentive hospital stays, etc. The condition of America's health care issues, matched with present time statistic characterizing human population alterations, endanger to not only exasperate the situation, but promote excessive worker productiveness as well. These environmental components copulated with the local private-enterprise position indicate a well-disposed chance in this market. Fitness for All is getting into their first year of business sector. The business organization framework has been well experienced and commercializing is particularly crucial to hold emergence and market place perception. Along with the offering up of physical fitness particular service Fitness for All's primary activeness is the creation and carrying out of health plans. Fitness for All allows for health schemes and program plans to business enterprise in the business district of United States. A health schemes is a long-run attempt, aggregating both health- advancement and exercise- concerned actions and designs planned to alleviate convinced life style alterations in extremities of a company's force of workers available. Fitness for All will figure out with a company's senior charge of running a business to help it come up with a mission statement for its health plans. The customer company's workers will be passedthrough health-risk psychoanalysis, following which each worker will be given the chance to meet with a health professional person to plan a individualized health plan. Finally, Fitness for All will supply workers build up accounts to senior management with which to carry through the inducement plan and broadly speaking keep an eye modifications on changes in the conduct of its manpower. Potential Customers B. Need for the study Fitness for All is allowing for their customers with a health care price management plan for workers that will increase workers productiveness and diminish overall business concern costs. Fitness for All looks for to carry out the following welfares that are significant to their clients: Specifications - Fitness for All will make available a completely custom-made method for each institution as well as each worker within the organization. Comfort station - Customers will not use the facility if it is not commodious. Fitness for All distinguishes this and strains to make their facilities as commodious as

Ambivalence And Its Imagery In Heart

Ambivalence And Its Imagery In Heart There have been various discourses about a literary world of Joseph Conrad who has been called as one of the great pioneers in 20th English literature. Since he was a Polish author and wrote in English, his vocabulary, grammar and syntax was accepted as unusual and new at that time. Not only these multilingual aspects of him but his personal experience in French, England and Congo as a seaman before a writer deeply affected his many various works such as Almayers Folly, An Outcast of the Islands, Lord Jim, Nostromo, The Secret Agent, The Duel, Victory, The Shadow Line, and The Rover, Heart of Darkness. Moreover, it is important to find the fact that he wrote in the heyday of the British Empire to have a great grasp of his literary world. He wandered European countries and colonies of Europe and then settled in England. As a cosmopolitan as well as a man who always crossed the borderline between a country and a country, his issues of identity fully reflected his works and those issues and his racial and political attitude has often been controversial until now. Of a variety of controversies surrounding Conrads works, the most famous thing was provoked by the Nigerian writer, Chinua Achebe. In his essay, An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness', he regarded that Joseph Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist (260) for reason that Africa itself was a foil to Europe, as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in comparison with which Europes own state of spiritual grace will be manifest(261). Conrad, he says, portrays Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization(253), which makes Achebe say that Conrad took an antipathy against black people. The issue of racism in Conrads novels aroused controversy and it is ongoing now and it was absolutely inevitable considering how political and social situations he lived were. However, we should know that his unique descriptive style was remarked and differentiated from other established authors in England in that his ability to express incomprehensible and mysterious things was outstanding and which contributed to make his works the subject of the controversy and consistently to cause disputes on his certain viewpoint among many scholars who tried to find out it. Furthermore, he formed a diversity of lively discussions with race, social hierarchy and gender awareness as well as his distinct writing style and his complicated narrative structure. He also opened the arena of philosophical and historical arguments beyond literary criticism. Likewise, of the good number of strong points in his pieces, the reason his work, Heart of Darkness is meaningful for us living the present is that this novel surprisingly epitomizes ambivalence which means coexistence of two conflicting values or feelings. To explain, the world we are living is not fixed and secure. As the barriers between countries collapse and the world gets globalized, it is hard to hold a center point we can depend upon and we are in the uncertain situation that threatens our own distinctive identity. Accordingly, if we can try to indirectly understand Conrads ambivalent perspective in such a confused situation, it definitely helps us live our insecure lives. In this paper, I will deal with how Conrads ambivalent feelings and thinking about the wilderness, the African people and the white society was described in Heart of Darkness and look into what an effective imagery he used in embodying it literarily by using visual imagery, auditory imagery and layered narrative. Ambivalence in Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad tries to explore the inner side of a man by providing him with an array of different experiences in an exotic setting in Heart of Darkness. In Joseph Conrads psychological realism, Hyo-won Kim claims that Conrad often depicts psychological shocks and split personality that a protagonist suffers in tension of conflict between modern western civilization and primitive wilderness oxymoronically, an obscure unconsciousness and wonderful world of sub-consciousness of human from a skeptical perspective.(27) These conflicts between unconsciousness, consciousness and manifestation of sub-consciousness are showed in his description of the wilderness, the African people and the white society. 2.1 Ambivalent Description of the Wilderness In Heart of Darkness, the wilderness has two conflicting aspects. One is an object to be conquered by the superior European countries. Another is a sort of spiritual, supernatural existence not to be conquered by human being who is doomed to dead someday. It means that the first aspect is a reflected result of a desire of self-expansion and the second one relates to a desire for protecting oneself who is aware of finiteness of a life. For starters, as Chinua Achebe pointed out, Africa in Heart of Darkness functions as just a backdrop or setting that the protagonist, Marlow enlarged his world view.(60) What is important here is that Conrad overlooked the fact that Africa was also a place that many African people live an ordinary lives like white people do in Europe. He erased the culture and history of Africa and made it an abstract image like a sort of concept, fantasy or idea of European people. It gives European people a chance to make an arbitrary interpretation regardless of a fact, which shows how white European people has perceived and dealt with Africa with a feeling of superiority. For example, we can see this in the comparison between the Thames and the river Congo in the first part. And indeed nothing is easier for a man who has, as the phrase goes, followed the sea with reverence and affection, than to evoke the great spirit of the past upon the lower reaches of the Thames. (Heart of Darkness 2) What greatness had not floated on the ebb of that river into the mystery of an unknown earth! . . . The dreams of men, the seed of commonwealths, the germs of empires. (HD 3) The Thames is described as a starting point of mans intelligence, civilization and refinement. European people have reverence and affection to the Thames because it has the great spirit of the past and symbolizes the dreams of men. Accordingly, it reminds them of their greatness and their great past history. On the contrary, as the antithesis of the Thames, the river Congo is portrayed as the mystery of an unknown earth. (HD 3) The use of definitive word deprives Africa of its historical, cultural and political characteristics and covers the whole thing of Africa under the name of the mystery. The assumption is a tool to make European people invade and exercise a force on Africa as they want. That is, the white people go to Africa to satisfy their curiosity and affirm their assumption seeing only what they want to see there. It reveals transcendental desire of the white people in that they expand their geographical area and then are trying to see what they could not see. However, the white, Marlow who determines to go to Africa with ambitious mind is overwhelmed by the wilderness, which makes him feel like keeping himself away from the truth of things, within the toil of a mournful and senseless delusion.(HD 12) With a sense of awe and fear of the wilderness, he thinks that it blurs perception of reality. It can be interpreted that Marlow unconsciously knows that he is an invader who comes to Africa with a sense of European superiority and in front of the wilderness he feels unconsciously his insignificance, his mortality when he sees the infinite coast that always looks the same. In other words, the wilderness is memento mori to him. We can see that he is aware of the fact unconsciously by the following quotation. We called at some more places with farcical names, where the merry dance of death and trade goes on in a still and earthy atmosphere as of an overheated catacomb; all along the formless coast bordered by dangerous surf, as if Nature herself had tried to ward off intruders; in and out of rivers, streams of death in life. (HD 13) At the same time, he feels uneasy with the idea that the wilderness destroys him and leads him to death. It derives from a sense of guilt about the general European mind that considers nature as a target of conquest and suppression. The expression he uses such as intruders and death in life mirrors his subconscious horror well. 2.2 Ambivalent Description of African People African people, in common with the wilderness, are described differently reflecting Conrads ambivalent mind. Like the wilderness, African people are barbarous and thus an object of subjugation, modernization and detribalization with reason and enlightenment which is a solid foundation for Western imperialism. In contrast, he finds that human beings are always helpless against the force of nature and he sometimes identifies African people with nature. As a result, he also experiences supernatural power from them in harmony with nature. Additionally, what is important here is that he feels a sense of kinship as the same human being. To begin with, Conrad likens African people to black ants, naked beast and he does not forget to refer their skin color which is black. Sometimes, he eliminates their form or their presence by telling them simply black shadows or shades. In An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness, Achebe says that in the place of speech African people made a violent babble of uncouth sounds and exchanged short grunting phrases even among themselves.(57) Likewise, African people has no great difference from beasts in this novel and even reminds us of devil coming from Hell. catch im, he snapped with a bloodshot widening of his eyes and a flash of sharp teeth -catchim. Giveim to us. To you, eh? I asked; what would you do with them? Eatim! he said curtly. . . . (HD 42) His attitude that separates himself from African people by emphasizing their inhumane aspects suggests how he perceives African people. That is, he just seems to want to confirm that he was a more superior, privileged white person. As a result, his purpose of exploration is not based on enlargement of worldview or self-expansion. He just has a sense of pity for the ignorant natives with the superiority of European culture. However, as we discussed in the ambivalent description of the wilderness, there also exists ambivalence about some of the African people. Similarly, Conrad gives supernatural spirit and power to an African woman who is some kind of mistress to Mr. Kurtz. She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent; there was something ominous and stately in her deliberate progress. And in the hush that had fallen suddenly upon the whole sorrowful land, the immense wilderness, the colossal body of the fecund and mysterious life seemed to look at her, pensive, as though it had been looking at the image of its own tenebrous and passionate soul. (HD 66) Her appearance leads us to think of a possessed shaman who connects this world and the next. A shaman mediates between the world and the next and manages affairs of human that usual people cannot know and do. In this sense, she is a superior existence to Marlow and that is what Conrad suggests. In addition, in Joseph Conrads Ambivalent Criticism of Imperialism, Sang-kee Park explains that this woman in harmony with the background of nature expresses the vital force that European people do not possess. Park also indicates that there is a stark contrast between richness and vigor of the African woman and paleness of the Mr. Kurtzs fiancà ©e.(17) From Achebes claim that Conrad lavishes a whole page quite unexpectedly on the African woman (56), we know Conrads intention showing that Marlow is attracted by her fecundity and full vitality. It means that Marlow is struck as small mortal human being before the woman who symbolizes infinity or a perpetual life. Two kinds of African people I explained above are in the opposite sides and represent Marlows ambivalent feelings of African people. Meanwhile, there is another man who lies between the extremes, who is Marlows African helmsman. He drops down with a spear in his heart and gives his white master a look in final moment. And the intimate profundity of that look he gave me when he received his hurt remains to this day in my memory like a claim of distant kinship affirmed in a supreme moment. (HD 54) After his death, he realizes that a subtle bond between Marlow and his helmsman is broken. A significant point is that he notices a sense of fellowship after death because it suggests that in a matter of life and death human being are equal regardless of race, national identity and power. Furthermore, there are some African people on the verge of starvation who startle Marlow by the fact that they do not eat European people despite of hunger. Marlow finds out that cannibalism is no more than their custom; they also have self- restraint opposed to beasts. Consequently, these direct experiences weaken a deep-rooted previous prejudice or a sense of superiority in Marlow and expand his civilized identity in European cultural context to a cosmopolitans perception. In the Images of the Superior man and the mean man in Heart of Darkness, Cheol-soo Kim says that Conrad pursues Marlow to do self-expansion as a protagonist in the open world by overcoming self-centered viewpoint and escaping himself from a narrow worldview and to recover relationship with others. (7) Additionally, it implies criticism of western culture that constructs self-centered empire as a result of oppressing others. As we examine, the description of the African people in Heart of Darkness has two differen t aspects which are hatred (abomination) as others and affection (fascination) as the same human being. This citation shows that clearly. Land in a swamp, march through the woods, and in some inland post feel the savagery, the utter savagery, had closed round him, all that mysterious life of the wilderness that stirs in the forest, in the jungles, in the heart of wild men. Theres no initiation either into such mysteries. He has to live in the midst of the incomprehensible, which is also detestable. And it has a fascination, too, that goes to work upon him. The fascination of the abomination-you know. (HD 106) Through those proceedings, Marlow seems to approach the truth of a life. However, Conrad never resolves the ambivalence in Marlow even at the ending of this novel. Depending upon the story, we can just assume that a series of experience would enrich Marlows life but cannot conclude what truth is because Conrad sticks to his distinctive oblique writing style. Ambivalent Description of White Society Achebe asserts that the Thames too has been one of the dark places of the earth but conquered its darkness, of course, and is now in daylight and at peace. Then he tells that Conrad divides the river Congo and the Thames into bestiality and civilization. (253) However, description of white society is not always positive even though description about greatness of the Thames is splendid. White society in this novel is seemingly refined and elegant but his underlying idea of it sometimes seems to be inexorable and uncomfortable. We would catch his skeptical tone about white society representing civilization, culture, politics and economy. We can see this in the following scene that Marlow arrives in a city to sign a contract to be a seaman. A narrow and deserted street in deep shadow, high houses, innumerable windows with venetian blinds, a dead silence, grass sprouting between the stones, imposing carriage archways right and left, immense double doors standing ponderously ajar. I slipped through one of these cracks, went up a swept and ungarnished staircase, as arid as a desert, and opened the first door I came to. Two women, one fat and the other slim, sat on straw-bottomed chairs, knitting black wool. (HD 8) As Marlow says that the city makes him think of a whited sepulcher, the image of city is different from what we usually regard crowded and dynamic. His description of the city is prosaic, coercive. Plus, when we recall that a whited sepulcher implies confinement, death and hypocrisy, we can presume his unconscious feelings of the city. Park also says that Belgium, a capital of European imperialism, is showed a whited sepulcher referred in Matthew 23. This expression is originally a figure of speech used by Jesus Christ to criticize a faqih laying stress on formal ostentation and hypocrisy of Pharisee. He claims that the inside of a whited sepulcher is full of death and smuttiness even though the outside of it is beautiful and coated cleanly. (274) Likewise, Conrad portrays Belgium as a place death and hypocrisy which is the center of imperialism. The image of the city gives us a feeling like a phantom town where no human lives and displays that civilization gets rid of vitality of hu man life. We also cannot overlook two women knitting black wool because an act of knitting closely relates to humans impending doom when we recall Charles Dickenss A Tale of Two Cities, in which Madame Defarge knits with the steadfastness of Fate' (HD 103) Thus, the descriptions of the Thames and the city have ambivalence in that each represents light and darkness, peace and death. Additionally, there are many white people in Heart of Darkness. As a foreigner in Congo, Marlow encounters two types of white people. As Marlow decides to go to Congo out of his curiosity and passion, he meets the same kind of people who have inquiring mind or curiosity about life. Marlow first meets a doctor who wants to measure Marlows head saying that I always ask leave, in the interests of science, to measure the crania of those going out there.(HD 10) He is the man who dedicates to a progress of science and believes that he can do it. I have a little theory which you Messieurs who go out there must help me to prove. This is my share in the advantages my country shall reap from the possession of such a magnificent dependency. The mere wealth I leave to others. (HD 10) His remark shows that he does not care of personal economic benefit but he cares of the advance of science and the advantage of empire. The old doctor has a sense of duty, dream and lofty ideal to make new discovery. Marlow then sees a white man under a hat like a cart-wheel beckoning persistently with his whole arm (HD 55) at the river-bank. He is a young Russian man and has looked after Mr. Kurtz. Marlow envies him and he is captivated by his spirit of adventure. If the absolutely pure, uncalculating, unpractical spirit of adventure had ever ruled a human being, it ruled this be-patched youth. I almost envied him the possession of this modest and clear flame. It seemed to have consumed all thought of self so completely, that, even while he was talking to you, you forgot that it was he-the man before your eyes-who had gone through these things. (HD 59) The reason Marlow is enchanted by him is the fact that the Russian man keeps his pure mind and hope even though he is in savage and crude situation contrary to himself who is disappointed by secular white people and fearful barbarism. Meanwhile, the other description is completely different from them. The previous captain before Marlow is murdered by African people. There was misunderstanding about two black hens between the man and African people, in the process, he tried to show self-respect and finally beat the chief with hammer. In A Comparative Study of Narrative Structure on Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now: Modernism vs. Postmodernism, Mi-Sook Um indicates that he is a precursor of Mr. Kurtz in that he goes to the Africa with a torch to realize noble ideals that enlightens barbarians. (5) In the jungle, Marlow faces impulsiveness and violence of white society when an opportunity offered at last to meet his predecessor, the grass growing through his ribs was tall enough to hide his bones.(HD 7) The Companys chief accountant shows well how western modernization and capitalism covers violent act of crime and a system isolates human from touches of humanity. I met a white man, in such an unexpected elegance of get-up that in the first moment I took him for assort of vision. I saw a high starched collar, white cuffs, a light alpaca jacket, snowy trousers, a clear necktie, and varnished boots. No hat. Hair parted, brushed, oiled, under a green-lined parasol held in a big white hand. He was amazing, and had a penholder behind his ear. (HD 17) Um explains that the chief accountant neglects African peoples groans with starvation and disease and do his work hard, which shows snobbery in that he regards African people as an obstacle in doing his job. (5) His books, which were in apple-pie order (HD 17) means his irrationality because this achievement can be made under exploitation and sacrifice of African people. Marlow calls it achievement and accomplishment. Nevertheless, Marlows remark that his appearance was certainly that of a hairdressers dummy; but in the great demoralization of the land he kept up his appearance (HD 17) unconsciously suggests ugly aspect of humanity and in that sense; the accountant is like a hollow man who have no hearts. In other words, the accountant signifies both extreme moderation, self-control and pitilessness, cruelty. The rest of white people are blind to personal gains and corrupted. That is inside and outside of western European imperialism and we can grasp that it reflects the contradictio n of European ideals from his ambivalent description of the white people. Imagery of Ambivalence There are some effective imageries of ambivalence in Heart of Darkness. To convey his theme symbolically, Conrad often uses visual imagery such as white and black, light and darkness, auditory imagery such as frenzy and silence and unique narrative structure. 3.1 Visual Imagery It is easy to compare Heart of Darkness with an aesthetic architecture because the structure of the story is systematically composed with the beginning, the middle and the end charged of various symbols. The beginning part as embryo of the story starts description of a steamboat. The Nellie, a cruising yawl, swung to her anchor without a flutter of the sails, and was at rest. The sea-reach of the Thames stretched before us like the beginning of an interminable waterway.(HD 1) We can easily bring out a mans exploration against nature or a mans quest into the abyss of the soul with a regard to a boat and the river. Accordingly, the term interminable means invisible reverse of ones soul and the hidden inside of life. In The Mythic Structure of Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness, Hyun, Young-Min also explains that Marlows journey into the mystery of an unknown earth thus symbolizes not only mans venture into his past history but also a quest into the abyss of human soul. (14) Likewise, Con rad tries to show inexpressible or incomprehensible things to us by detailed expression like this with these symbols. Conrad often also uses visual contrast such as white and black, light and darkness. The image of whiteness in the story appears in a white sepulcher, ivory and light and white people and the bald head of Kurtz. In the case of light and white people in the beginning part, light and whiteness are a symbol of enlightenment that eliminates darkness representing evil and barbarism but it reveals the other side as the story goes. Park, Sun-Hwa, in To make you see through the Symbols in Joseph Conrads Lord Jim, says that Marlow thinks that the natives are murderer or barbarians with wickedness, aggressiveness and violence before he goes to Congo but he realizes that the natives have strong vitality and are living harmoniously with nature. On the contrary, white people who are exploiting them and make them starve are indeed barbarians. Thus, whiteness suggests hypocrisy of civilized people, and black is the power of life force. (9) We can know these symbols of whiteness in the description of the accountant wearing white clothes and ivory representing of humans self-centeredness, vanity and depravity of human nature. (9) To be specific, Hyun, Young-Min explains that thus this light is suggestive of the whiteness of civilization which blights and impoverishes the black savages relentlessly instead of playing a role of the torch to enlighten them. This light is symbolic of the spiritual emptiness of a white man indicated in Kurtz. The blinding symbolism of European civilization is well expressed in Kurtzs painting of a woman, draped and blindfolded, carrying a lighted torch(HD 25) (12) When we regard destructive nature of fire (torch or light), we can find out that it has ambivalent imagery. The image of black and darkness is referred in the skin color of African people, two women knitting black wool in Brussels, Mr. Kurtz and the wilderness. It is associated with death, horror and emptiness in soul. At first, darkness of the wilderness means both horror and a sense of awe for Marlow because he feels fear of infinite power of nature. Black people are also a target to be improved, humanized to need enlightenment (light). However, as he sees the terrible scenes of imperialism which are suffering beings, a variety of kinds of corruption and Mr. Kurtz who is a devil incarnate, the meaning of darkness comes to change into dark side of civilization and European imperialistic people with profoundly dark souls. That is, he is shocked by the fact that Chaos or Hell expressed as darkness is not in the wilderness, but the world of civilization, culture he lives in. Accordingly, such an ugly truth enlightens Marlow, which could be regarded as being in Hell or Chaos because the truth shakes his world supporting his previous conception and conviction. In the same vein, it closely relates to Marlows significant remark on dying Mr. Kurtz that His was an impenetrable darkness. (HD 75) and Mr. Kurtzs final remark, The horror! The horror! (HD 76) 3.2 Auditory Imagery Especially, Conrad overthrows auditory imagery as regards to the core theme of the story and shows the process that Marlows thinking changes. Silence in the Thames shows peaceful and orderly world that conquered all of the confusion and disorder before. On the contrary, silence in the river Congo is a threat to Marlow because it makes him feel a sense of guilt by giving him time to reflect on himself. And outside, the silent wilderness surrounding this cleared speck on the earth struck me as something great and invincible, like evil or truth, waiting patiently for the passing away of this fantastic invasion. (HD 23) This is because he subconsciously realizes that the reason he is here does not be resulted from simple curiosity and pure passion of exploration. As a result, he feels that he is not different from white people that he gets totally disenchanted. I became in an instant as much of a pretence as the rest of the bewitched pilgrims.(HD 27) Therefore, since the act of soul-searching leads him to see the hidden truth under the surface, he fears of silence in the wilderness that gives a chance of self-examination and makes him know his self-deception. You know I hate, detest, and cant bear a lie, not because I am straighter than the rest of us, but simply because it appals me. There is a taint of death, a flavor of mortality in lies, which is exactly what I hate and detest in the world what I want to forget. (HD 27) In terms of frenzy or noise from wilderness, he considers it primitive for the reason that African people are all savage and barbarous at first. Nevertheless, he becomes confused as he sees the brutal scenes of imperialism, so eventually he starts feeling that it is fury of nature. Perhaps on some quiet night the tremor of far-off drums, sinking, swelling, a tremor vast, faint; a sound weird, appealing, suggestive, and wild and perhaps with as profound a meaning as the sound of bells in a Christian country. (HD 19) Free from a private individual, he thinks that invaders coming to Africa are receiving punishment for Europe-centered mind which conquers and exploits nature and only pursues ones benefit. Compared to a bell in a Christian country, it shakes the earth because the sound of nature relates to the conscience in humans mind. As for the final burst of Kurtz, it is the moment of change from Marlows previous abstract ideal idea to realization of reality. He always listens about Mr. Kurtz from the general manager, the accountant and the Russian man in the station. The stories about Kurtz are just full of words like God. He was just a word for me.(HD 27) Finally he listens to his voice though. It means the distance between our idea or expectation and the real situations. Although His expectation to meet Kurtz realizes, he finds out Kurtz degrades beyond his control and reason. However, we should remember that this story is also handed down by the listeners, who are Marlow and anonymous speaker. Accordingly, it shows that there is always room for reinterpretation, distortion and beatification. I did not see the man in the name any more than you do. Do you see him? Do you see the story? Do you see the anything? It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream making a vain attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation, that commingling of absurdity, surprise, and bewilderment in a tremor of struggling revolt, that notion of being captured by the incredible which is of the very essence of dreams. . . . (HD 27) Finally, when we consider that voice instantly disappears as soon as it emanates, we can understand that it is analogy of our mortal life. No matter how we try to approach the truth, it is demanding to have a clear sense of it. In addition, the meaning of such an act or the truth is likely to get discolored because we are living in a limited time. All we can do is interminable effort as if we walk in complete darkness. 3.3 Imagery of Narrative Above all, when we read the beginning part of the story, it does not seem to be interested in the very corner story as if glow brings out of a haze.(HD 3) A detailed portrayal of landscape discourages us to read and catch it because diffuse sentences and overflowing adjectives overwhelm us. Therefore, we cannot get the idea because even making a picture in our head reaches a limit even though visual details should extend the range of perception. Interestingly, though, that is how to Conrad displays his idea, which is a symbolic setting. That is, he takes advantage of the fact that we cannot comprehend feelings and situations at that time because those moments already passed and even we pick a story up from others. The point is that it is inevitable that there are gaps between idea and reality, the real situation and experience that we think and rearrange by our feeling and thinking. For example, it applies to Marlows journey because he goes to Congo with yearning for exploration but he becomes disillusioned. It shows that his ideal idea is betrayed by reality. Furthermore, since Marlow depicts his past experience, his depiction might have been changed by his subjective analysis. Kurtzs story is also conveyed by Marlows perspective. In addition, an anonymous speaker is telling Marlows story, which means that opinions of the anonymous speaker are projected in the story. In this sense, in Vision, Illusion, and Misinterpretation in Conrads Under Western Eyes, Jong-Seok Kim indicates that of special importance is the fact that the problem of illusion is not restricted to the novels protagonist and narrator alone; it is also true of the novels other main characters. For them, the world is like a blank page on which they project their own ideas, hopes, prejudices, and des

Teenage Suicide Essays -- Teenage Suicide Essays

Teenage Suicide Each day 86 Americans take their own lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third leading cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are at a time in their life where they are strongly feeling stress, confusion, self doubt, pressure to succeed, and other fears while growing. Among the probable causes of teenage suicide are family problems, stress, drug and alcohol abuse, and depression. Depression and suicidal tendencies are caused by society today. What adolescents do not understand is that depression is a disease (Empfield, 2). With the proper medical treatment as well as psychiatric treatment one can overcome depression. For some teenagers, divorce, the formation of a new family or moving to a new community can be very unsettling. Leaving behind comfort when moving can result in anger toward parents, which is usually taken out at school or even on other children. The formation of a new family itself can be traumatic. What one child knew so well such as a father or mother, sisters and brothers, can be broken when they are "replaced" with new, particularly strange people who now have to share a home with this adolescent. Every day in America, 2,989 see their parents divorce (Empfield, 62). Young children take divorce the hardest for many reasons. It can even put them in a state of confusion. Since these young children are still growing, some of them still do not know wh... ...many adolescents in this country. Many adolescents do not realize that depression and suicidal feelings are treatable mental disorders. The first step is to recognize the illness. Thousands of books have tried to answer the question of why people kill themselves. To be summarized into three words: to stop pain. Sometimes the pain is physical, as in chronic or terminal illness. More often it is emotional, caused by a myriad of problems. In any case, suicide is not a random or senseless act, but an effective, if extreme, solution. Works Cited Dew, Diane. The Troubles Teens Face. [Http://www.dianedew.com/teens.htm]. Empfield, Maureen. Understanding Teenage Depression. New York: Henry Holt,2001. Kerns, Laurence L. Helping Your Depressed Child. Rockin: Prima Publishing, 1993. Suicide in the United States. [Http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/suifacts.htm].

Market Equilibrium Process Analysis

The main goal of the market equilibrium is to get match the common intention of buyer and seller in the market. According to McConnell, the market equilibrium is the base point in which the supply and demand of the product quantity (McConnell, 2009). The equilibrium process play role for the buyer and seller agreement and confidence in each other. The process of equilibrium has impact of the following facts †¢Equilibrium price and quantity of products. †¢Changes and shift in demands of the products. †¢Changes and shift in supply of the products. The equilibrium price and quantity also can be referred by the total intersection of supply and demand curve. The shift in this curve will affect the shift in the equilibrium price and quantity. The change in the demand of product also effect the price and quantity structure at equilibrium because if the demand is higher then the price will be higher and the production in quantity will be higher as well. The supply will have impact on the equilibrium level as well because if the product supply in large amount then the price will stay at the low but if the supply level decreases then the price might go up due to the demand of the product. Above all facts about the market equilibrium process can be shown in the experience at the music store while buying music CD. One of the favorite band CD price was $15 until previous week, but at present the price have gone up to $22. The sudden price change was the effect of the demand of the band CD. The change in demand of the CD was higher this week and the supply was only 50 in quantity, which producer thought to be enough for the market demand. But the same CD was requested by more than 50 people, and increase in the demand prompt to increase in the price. Thus the effect of the demand change affected the equilibrium structure of price and quantity. The same effect can be seen in the supply. The supply of the same band CD was 70 and only 50 people have requested about the band CD on the price of $15. It shows that the 50 people are fine with the product and they are not planning to buy more same band CDs. Therefore, the price of the CD dropped to $10 in order to produce cell of remainder 20 CD in supply. The shift in the supply caused the equilibrium to reach lower for both price and quantities. Thus the supply and demand have major impact on the equilibrium price and quantity. These three factors would explain that the market equilibrium process can be achieved in the theory but in the real-world market with constantly changing price and economy would make it harder to achieve market equilibrium. Thus, the factors of supply and demand have affected the market equilibrium process including the equilibrium price and quantity. The change in supply and demand impacts largely on the market equilibrium and bring level of equilibrium higher or lower. Reference: McConnell, C. R. , Brue, S. L. , & Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies (18th ed. ). New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin.

How to Calculate Normality of a Solution

How to Calculate Normality of a Solution The normality of a solution is the gram equivalent weight of a solute per liter of solution. It may also be called the equivalent concentration.  It is indicated using the symbol N, eq/L, or meq/L ( 0.001 N) for units of concentration. For example, the concentration of a hydrochloric acid solution might be expressed as 0.1 N HCl. A gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the reactive capacity of a given chemical species (ion, molecule, etc.). The equivalent value is determined using the molecular weight and valence of the chemical species. Normality is the only concentration unit that is reaction dependent. Here are examples of how to calculate the normality of a solution. Key Takeaways Normality is a unit of concentration of a chemical solution expressed as gram equivalent weight of solute per liter of solution. A defined equivalence factor must be used to express concentration.Common units of normality include N, eq/L, or meq/L.Normality is the only unit of chemical concentration that depends on the chemical reaction being studied.Normality is not the most common unit of concentration, nor is its use appropriate for all chemical solutions. Typical situations when you might use normality include acid-base chemistry, redox reactions, or precipitation reactions. For most other situations, molarity or molality are better options for units. Normality Example #1 The easiest way to find normality is from molarity. All you need to know are how many mole of ions dissociate. For example, a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is 2 N for acid-base reactions because each mole of sulfuric acid provides 2 moles of H ions. 1 M sulfuric acid is 1 N for sulfate precipitation since 1 mole of sulfuric acid provides 1 mole of sulfate ions. Normality Example #2 36.5 grams of hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a 1 N (one normal) solution of HCl. A normal is one gram equivalent of a solute per liter of solution. Since hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that dissociates completely in water, a 1 N solution of HCl would also be 1 N for H or Cl- ions for acid-base reactions. Normality Example #3 Find the normality of 0.321 g sodium carbonate in a 250 mL solution. To solve this problem, you need to know the formula for sodium carbonate. Once you realize there are two sodium ions per carbonate ion, the problem is simple: N 0.321 g Na2CO3  x (1 mol/105.99 g) x (2 eq/1 mol)N 0.1886 eq/0.2500 LN 0.0755 N Normality Example #4 Find the percent acid (eq wt 173.8) if 20.07 mL of 0.1100 N base is required to neutralize 0.721 g of a sample. This is essentially a matter of being able to cancel out units to obtain the final result. Remember, if given a value in milliliters (mL), its necessary to convert it to liters (L). The only tricky concept is realizing the acid and base equivalence factors will be in a 1:1 ratio. 20.07 mL x (1 L/1000 mL) x (0.1100 eq base/1 L) x (1 eq acid/1 eq base) x (173.8 g/1 eq) 0.3837 g acid When to Use Normality There are specific circumstances when its preferable to use normality rather than molarity or other unit of concentration of a chemical solution. Normality is used in acid-base chemistry to describe the concentration of hydronium (H3O) and hydroxide (OH-). In this situation, 1/feq is an integer.The equivalence factor or normality is used in precipitation reactions to indicate the number of ions that will precipitate. Here, 1/feq is once again and integer value.In redox reactions, the equivalence factor indicates how many electrons can be donated or accepted by an oxidizing or reducing agent. For redox reactions, 1/feq may be a fraction. Considerations Using Normality Normality is not an appropriate unit of concentration in all situations. First, it requires a defined equivalence factor. Second, the normality is not a set value for a chemical solution. Its value can change according to the chemical reaction being examined. For example, a solution of CaCl2 that is 2 N with respect to the chloride (Cl-) ion would only be 1 N with respect to the magnesium (Mg2) ion. Reference The use of the equivalence concept. IUPAC (archived).

Who Influenced Michael Jordan To Become The Player Essays

Who Influenced Michael Jordan To Become The Player Essays Who Influenced Michael Jordan To Become The Player And Person He Is Today? Davis 1 Who Influenced Michael Jordan to Become the Player and Person He is Today? I. Introduction A. Background B. Thesis Statement II. Body A. Childhood of MJ B. MJ the Child Player C. The College Years D. MJ- The Pro Athlete 1. Life in the NBA 2. Life in the MLB E. Back to the NBA 1. Bye, Bye, Bye (Retirement from the Game) III. Conclusion IV. Appendixes A. Charts and Statistics V. Bibliography Page Davis 2 Introduction Well everyone has theyre own opinion about Michael Jordan, but one thing is certain, he is a phenomenal athlete with a unique combination of grace, power, artistry and the improvisational ability. He is not only the top player of his Era, but is quite possibly the best player to wear the uniform of a NBA team. He is the most recognizable athlete in the world and is believed to be the best there ever was, is, or ever will be. (NBA.com) A person to this magnitude has obviously a success, being able to have a family of his own and, knowing that there are thousands of people looking up to him, and being many peoples idol. To be able to stand the pressure of being a national symbol of greatness, you have to have a driving force. This driving force has been known to be the edge a lot of people have needed to make it over. Michael Jordans family helped him to fight and become one of the most influential, successful, and professional sports figures ever. Body Michael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963, in Brooklyn, NY, to a proud Deloris and James Jordan. (Nba.com; BioLife.com) Now this very first point may seem like no big deal but its something in itself. Jordan almost wasnt born. In 1963, when Deloris was carrying Mike her mother died unexpectedly causing her to fall into a deep depression and stress period. Fearing a miscarriage the family doctor ordered her to bed rest. (Greene 12; NBA.com) I Davis 3 always said that Michaels birth was like a sign. I lost my mother while I was carrying Michael, and he was my godsend. Michael was the happiness he sent me after a very sad time in my life. Deloris (qtd. In Halberstam 48) The near miscarriage was very bad. James (qtd. in Halberstam 49) Michael the Jordans 4th child lived in a pretty much average house, which was on the lower end of the economic pool. When Mike was 2 he had a really close brush with death. James (Mikes father) was outside tuning up his car at his parents house. The ground was still soaked from the earlier downpour. Two extension cords let him stretch a lamp from the kitchen outlet to under the hood of his car. During his labor he saw something out of the corner of his eye. Mike had escaped his playpen and, was on his way to make it a father- son- project. James ran towards him bit it was too late. Mike walked right into the junction of the wires and began playing with them. A sudden surge of current sent him flying back about 3 feet, where he landed in too much shock to cry. (Greats of the Game.com; BioLife.com) James put a net up in the backyard and the boys played all the time. Michaels older brother Larry always beat him. Growing up Mikes favorite sport was baseball, and he was quite good too! He was the MVP of Dixie League and received a scholarship to Mickey Owen Baseball Camp. Michael got better at basketball and, decided to try out for the Varsity Laney High Basketball Team but, wasnt good enough as a sophomore. Jordan, as a sophomore, played on JV and, averaged 27.8 PPG. Jordan after junior year was Davis 4 invited to play at the 5-star Camp where colleges recruited. MJ won 10 trophies including 2 MVPs. The University of North Carolina recruited Jordan. Dean Smith the winningest coach in NCAA basketball history coached Mike. (Greene 52; Halberstam 27, BioLife.com) Most people thought that Mike would come and sit the bench. They were startled when they found out he was a season opener starter. (NBA.com) Mike had a great time playing for UNC, and his nest move was to become eligible for the NBA draft. Mike was 3rd pick behind Hakeem Olajuwon (Houston)

Islamic finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Islamic finance - Essay Example It may be defined as a finance system that conforms to Islamic law, also known as Sharia, although the definition does not imply that is it limited to Muslims or Islamic countries (Rammal & Zurbruegg 86) Islamic finance is guided by ethical concepts prescribed by Sharia in relation to money and capital and the association between profit and risk as well as the social obligations of financial institutions. It has grown into a global and cosmopolitan financial system, committed to a text that may be accessed by all people. Being open to innovation, the system has been able to effectively compete with the conventional financial system by offering a wide range of financial products suiting numerous customer needs. Serving as an alternative to the conventional financial system, Islamic finance has been forging a more functional link between activities of real economy that generate value and the financial activities which facilitate it. This paper will discuss ways in which Islamic finance can be considered as an alternative to conventional finance and why it is a viable alternative. Governance and Regulation Although it is governed by the same fundamental monetary policies as conventional banking, the key and most significant distinguishing factor is the requirement of a strict adherence to a code of ethics (Zepeda 52). At the microeconomic level, Islamic finance is regulated by Sharia supervisory boards, or Sharia scholars at the least, who are responsible for approving and reviewing financial products and practices for compliance with Sharia guidelines. At microeconomic levels, the key regulatory authorities and institutions are located in Malaysia and Bahrain as the largest segments of the Islamic finance’s market are predominantly found in those jurisdictions. Among the leading organizations that set standards of the system are the Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Finance (AAOIFI), Malaysia Accounting Standards Board (MASB) and Islamic Fin ancial Standards Board (IFSB). AAOIFI is based in Bahrain while MASB and IFSB are in Malaysia (Zepeda 53). Islamic Finance as an Alternative to Conventional Finance The conventional finance system has been described as being innately unstable mainly due to being based on interest and debt as well as using the credit multiplier to leverage itself while creating debt excessively. It is characteristic of government rules and regulations, insurance schemes and treatment of tax to promote contracts that are based on debt in conventional finance rather than those involving sharing of the risks (Zepeda 48). As such, a finance system founded on debt encourages the transfer of risk while the gains of sharing risks are underused. Islamic finance offers an alternative to conventional finance to those seeking to integrate values and ethics into financial services as a positive development that also promotes social justice. The alternative can best be viewed from the two perspectives through whi ch the system has evolved. First, the system has eliminated interest-based finance, also known as riba, as per the guidelines of Sharia. It is also from this principle that the nature of capital is held exclusively as a medium of exchange since it has no attached intrinsic value. Second, it has developed a comprehensive range of low-risk financial products that aim at giving depositors, shareholders and regulators the same level of confidence. Although most of the products are debt-based and resemble the instruments used in conventional finance, they bear a distinguishing feature in the way they promote entrepreneurship; do not support speculative behavior; preserve property rights; advocate for sharing both returns and risks; and keep contractual obligations transparent (Mahlknecht 71). In this manner, the system has not

Zero Tolerance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Zero Tolerance - Essay Example In Simon’s case, he had participated in contravening a company’s internet policy (Gerson, Parker, Volokh, Halloran, Cherkasky, 2006). Simon had utilized the company’s intranet to communicate with an unauthorized personality out of the network. The violation was gross since the company had sculptured clear conditions about the policy. This included clear indication of the relevant consequences. The management had notable controls in the same situation. To begin with, it laid a clear policy. This policy indicated that it banned use of the company’s internet and intranet in communication under unstated uses. The company also stated that unwarranted internet use and e-mailing could result into the termination of employment. In addition, the company employed strategic measures of terminating Simon’s tenure. The management made an indirect approach of firing Simon. This would be followed by an explanation of the act that led to the tenure termination. The re are controlling and coordination skills that are necessary in this situation. To begin with, it is vital that the company harnesses a proper communication channel. This is a system whereby each employee has adequate information about the company’s policies. In this perspective, the company can invest in an automatic e-mail system that updates on company’s policies and the consequences of breaching the provisions. Besides, meetings, between the management and employees, should be regular for physical information and discussion. In certain instances, zero tolerance policies might be stringent. In this sense, discussion can modify the policies to suit multiple scenarios. It is crucial that employees design and agree to zero tolerance policies. This would absolve the management from blame in cases of grim consequences to employees. The solution that the company employed had particular details. The management strove to strike a vital point in terminating Simon’s t enure. Companies would usually employ sane and rational employees. This means that it could apply formal means of communicating with an affected employee (Brooks & Dunn, 2009). Such communication would take the letter or e-mail method for information. Simon could not have possessed the option of not leaving the company. The use of guards was an informal sense of terminating Simon’s employment. It is devoid of modern managements skills since it seeks to be autocratic oriented. This is because the guards could have employed forceful means in case of resistance by Simon. Element of force is evident from the communication between the security officers and the management. The management was monitoring Simon’s reaction for an additional strategy. However, the company had a proper strategy of informing Simon. To begin with, this demonstrates of zero tolerance on certain violations. It also highlights that the other employees should educate themselves of company’s polic ies. However, the company can utilize other strategies. This pertains to drawing the same sense on a company’s reputation. The vital element in zero tolerance policies should regard their intentions. Zero tolerance policies should seek to highlight the sense of certain behavior. This is different from the focus of merely humiliating employees. Policies should concentrate on processes rather than the consequences of the same. In this view, the company could have employed an alternative strategy of terminating Simon’s benefits. Termination of benefits could achieve the orientation of the breach. In case of an internet’s condition, Simon could have been barred from the connection. Besides, the company could lock Simon from accessing certain information. Additionally,