Wuthering Heights

Emily Bronte was the middle woman in the most celebrated nineteenth century literary family. Supplemented by sister Anne and more renowned sibling Charlotte, she had a love for the Yorkshire moors and human passion, which are both reflected in the only novel she compiled in her 29 years – Wuthering Heights. At the time of its release, 1847, this controversial text divided many critics, and still does to this day. Many, me included, do not appreciate its content or intended objectives. Others oppose this viewpoint, stating that it's a masterpiece years, in terms of its originality, beyond the date of its initial publication. One thing does impress me in this carefully woven novel. Just as Francis Ford Coppola did with tremendous success in the Godfather Part II in 1976, Bronte splits the story into two with the future generation mirroring their ancestors, whether it be the characteristics or mistakes they duplicate there is an apparent resemblance between the old and new guard. The conflicting narrators provide both humour and useful insight into the inhabitants of the moors. Lockwood, the voice-over at the beginning, has acquired the tenancy of Thrushcross Grange and decides to introduce himself to his new landlord, Heathcliff. Their meeting takes place at the nearby Wuthering Heights household. Lockwood establishes a long-winded narrative, which suggests he is a well-educated man, but seems to lack direction. This is understandable considering he is placed in unfamiliar surroundings. Nevertheless, his landlord Heathcliff is hostile and unfriendly to Mr. Lockwood, who rather naively believes that their next meeting will drastically improve. Lockwood's second visit seems to be heading in the same direction as his previous one, with Heathcliff's servant Joseph offering no help whatsoever. However, Lockwood's visit vastly improves due to the introduction of Hareton and Catherine. The above point, to a certain extent, condemns the admirers of the book and supports its critics. This is because the story development is regarded as coherent, whereas Lockwood's improved visit is unpredictable and surprising. Lockwood displays, as he did in his original assessment of Heathcliff, poor judgement, mistaking dead rabbits for cats and in attempting to piece together the family history. Heathcliff promptly corrects him. He is invited to stay where he unravels some of the family mystique and endures nightmares as a result. Lockwood, despite being accompanied by Heathcliff to the gate of Thrushcross Grange, loses himself and increases the journey considerably. Lockwood, desperate to know more, asks his new housekeeper, Nelly Dean to enlighten him of Heathcliff's history. It is here where Lockwood hands over the narrative role to Dean. Nelly maintains this capacity for the remainder of the novel, albeit for the concluding three chapters, where Lockwood returns and resumes his role as commentator (symmetry.) The housekeeper is the complete opposite to her employer in terms of style. She uses elementary vocabulary, which is inferior to Lockwood's, but is far more effective as it is direct, relevant and essential in giving accounts of characters and their respective histories. This allows the reader to identify with that particular person and the motives and emotions behind their actions. It's revealed that Mr.Earnshaw, father of Catherine and Hindley, has adopted Heathcliff. Immediately this causes dissension in the Earnshaw ranks and both of Earnshaw's biological children dislike their relation. However, Catherine comes to grow fond of Heathcliff and the pair forge a tight-knit bond. Hindley displays jealousy. Not only has his sister changed her perspective on this outsider but, it appears that he has been displaced as Mr.Earnshaw's preferred son. After the death of his father, Hindley succeeds his father as the main resident at Wuthering Heights with his wife Frances. Catherine and Heathcliff have now established an intimate relationship, which furthers Hindley's disregard for Heathcliff. He, out of spite, degrades him by making him do intensive, boring work and isolate him from his sister by ordering Heathcliff to live with servants. Catherine, as a result of watching the Lintons at Thrushcross Grange, is attacked by guard dogs and her ankle is severely injured and is forced to remain at the Grange momentarily while Heathcliff returns to the Heights. Catherine's tenure at Thrushcross Grange seems to have transformed her into a new person. After regaining full fitness, she returns a smart lady. The example of Catherine's class elevation in just over a month reflects the impact the environment appears to have on the inhabitants. At Thrushcross, the surroundings are beautiful and captivated with fresh air, which is shown in the Lintons. Meanwhile, at Wuthering Heights, the house, located in a particularly rough region, is fading quickly. This has obviously rubbed off on Heathcliff and Hindley, who are possessive and bitter. While Catherine's undoubted love for Heatcliff hasn't diminished in their separation, it, possibly inadvertently, contributes to the eventual termination of their relationship, as she has developed affection for Edgar Linton. Catherine is given an ultimatum: Heathcliff or Edgar. She famously tells Nelly Dean: â€Å"I am Heathcliff.† This comment suggests that her allegiance with Heathcliff is unstoppable as he is a permanent part of her being, but her lust for a higher-class living and sense of security prevails. She chooses Linton. In my opinion, the primary focus of the novel, Catherine and Heathcliff's relationship captures, perhaps unintentionally, Bronte's use of symmetry and contrasts. Catherine, even before her visit to the Grange, is perceived as a warm woman. On the other hand, Heathcliff is a wild savage who attains a hardman reputation. The formation of their friendship and then blossoming romance, installs their partner's quality into them. Catherine livens up and becomes a little wilder while her elegance brings her companion's positive attributes to our attention. Due to his rejection, Heathcliff embarks on a 3-year exile from the moors. Catherine and Edgar marry a further three years down the line and live together in the Grange. Heathcliff decides to return from his absence at this point and proceeds to cause friction within the Grange. Catherine is deleterious upon the return of her true love's return. Coinciding with this, Edgar's sister Isabella becomes besotted with Heathcliff. The feeling is far from mutual, but Heathcliff, whose love is still reserved for Catherine, realises this is an ideal opportunity to spite Edgar. This fuels off arguments among Edgar, Catherine and Isabella. Heathcliff agrees to marry Isabella and her brother disowns her. Heathcliff has accomplished his sole purpose: To divide the Linton family. Volume 2 begins with the declining condition and inevitable death of Catherine. On the night of her death, she gives birth to Cathy Linton. Isabella and Heathcliff end their association. Heathcliff later discovers his wife has given birth to a son. A lengthy time-shift in the narration transpires. Edgar, after receiving note of Isabella's condition, orders for her child-Linton- to stay with him. Heathcliff has a devious plan: For his son, Linton and Cathy to marry which would ensure his entitlement of both Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights. Edgar learns of Heathcliff's intention and attempts to prevent his daughter from coming into contact with either Heathcliff or Linton. Rather like her mother, Cathy's desire to interact with Linton cannot be denied and she communicates with him privately – like Catherine did with Heathcliff in the early stages of the novel. Edgar then dies and Linton is handed ownership of Thrushcross as opposed to his descendant Cathy. Following Linton's death, Cathy is cruelly unable to seize ownership because she is now Heathcliff's daughter-in-law and he, not her, becomes landlord. As he dictates the Grange he decides to install a new tenant and orders her to live with him at Wuthering Heights. Like with previous inhabitants, Wuthering Heights only serves to change her into a miserable woman. Heathcliff, rather than inflict more suffering, seems now to be more concerned with being buried with Catherine than interfere with Cathy's affairs. He tells Nelly Dean that she's haunted him for years. Cathy then forms a friendship with Hareton, which like her mother lays the foundations for a relationship. Heathcliff finally dies through his burning desire to lie with Catherine. Catherine and Cathy travel very similar paths. They're strong-minded, lively and delectable women who have both engaged in two stern relationships. (Catherine with Edgar and Heathcliff, Cathy with Linton and Hareton.) Their respective happiness, it seems is heavily influenced by the mere presence of Thrushcross Grange. As well as this, Catherine begins her life at Wuthering Heights and Cathy ends the novel there, rather like the aforementioned narrative symmetry between Lockwood and Nelly Dean. One intriguing thing is that while Thrushcross Grange brought the best out of the pair personally, it's difficult to say if it was there that they were their happiest there. Cathy must be relieved that she has found love with Hareton at the Heights after her previous marriage to Linton. And Catherine even confirmed it was Heathcliff, who she mingled with during her time at Wuthering Heights, not Edgar that she loved. Heathcliff remains the same throughout. An uncaring person, that divides two generations. First of all Mr. Earnshaw's relationship with his son Hindley deteriorates as a result and then later causes friction between Cathy and Edgar. As mentioned above with regards to Catherine and her daughter, Heathcliff is involved in the two three-way relationships. Participating in the original affair and emerging the unlucky party in conjunction with Edgar and Catherine and instigating Cathy's two marriages with son Linton and Hareton. Despite this though, Catherine who he's rightfully buried with, exposes his sensitive side, even after her death and his marriage to Isabella. Wuthering Heights Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte is a novel about passion and its many consequences. The story takes place at two completely different estates. One Wuthering Heights were the Earnshaws and Heathcliff reside. Wuthering Heights is a place of disorder. The people that live in the house have no limits to their passions and become violent. The other estate, Thrushcross Grange, is inhabited by the Linton family, people have established rules of social law and principles. In the novel, Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte, though appearance and people, represents the two houses as complete opposites, Wuthering Heights as turmoil and Thrushcross Grange as peace, to serve the theme of the novel that only together they give the symbol of subsistence. The different appearances and decor of the two houses, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange further the dissimilar aspects of the house as well as the people who reside in each house. Wuthering Heights,† the name of the house immediately suggest that life there in not free from commotion. The word â€Å"wuthering† perfectly describes the weather of the immediate area around the house. The climate is â€Å"descriptive of the atmospheric tumult† to which it is â€Å"exposed in stormy weather. † The house is extremely prone to stormy weather for it is situated on top a hill, alone and far away from any other human habitat. The proximity to the mysterious and furtiveness furthermore adds to the gloomy atmosphere of Wuthering Heights. It is a place of darkness and dismalness. The wind near Wuthering Heights is also so powerful and long lasting in an â€Å"excessive slant† and a range of gaunt thorn â€Å"all [stretch] their limbs one way. † The wind pushes these trees for such a long time that they have adapted to its presence and sway endlessly to prevent their trucks from cracking. Because of the strong everlasting weather, the house is built sturdily. It has narrow windows that have been â€Å"deeply set in the wall† and corners that are defended â€Å"with large jutting stones. Just as the weather seems to attach the house and underlying areas, the inhabitants seems to rant inside in a similar manner. And not only do these qualities accomplish that task of describing the murkiness that exists there, but the dicor is also very influential in creating the same mood of turmoil and disorder. The house is decorated with â€Å"sundry, villainous old guns† and a â€Å"couple of pistols. † The display of firearms greatly implies the violence present in this house. Furthermore, this wretched dwelling is rampant with dogs. There is a â€Å"swarm of squealing puppies† around a â€Å"liver-colored bitch pointer. † These dogs, like the human residents of Wuthering Heights, are easily agitated. When the visitor teases then a bit, they viciously attack and the resident do not attempt to sway the attack, but merely comment on its humor. This event emphasizes the violence present and total lack of concern for standards of society the people have. Thrushcross Grange is the other hand is free from the tempestuous weather and is lavishing. The Grange is a â€Å"beautiful† and â€Å"splendid place. Life at the Grange is kept within bounds just like the Grange exist as well-planned part within the boundary of its own walls. The house is â€Å"carpeted with crimson† rugs and has a â€Å"pure white ceiling bordered by gold. † This suggests that it is a place of refinement and elegance. Books fill its walls, implying that it is a place of intellect and order. The Grange is extravagant and classy, attributes lacking at Wuthering Heights. Both houses appearance and dicor reveals the events that occur inside the houses. The people who live in the houses and the actions in each house reveal the aspect that the two houses are complete opposites and only together can exist in harmony. The house the people stay in gives them a totally different identity. For example, at Wuthering Heights Catherine is unruly. At Wuthering Heights she is a â€Å"wild, wicked slip† always laughing when made to apologize for bad actions. She takes nothing seriously at Wuthering Heights and revels in the lack of code of conduct. The house even influences her violent nature. She hurts Ellen â€Å"extremely† by leaving a â€Å"purple witness,† and after lying about the inflicting this mark she slap Ellen â€Å"on the cheek. † She also seizes her nephew Hareton by his shoulders and shakes him until he is â€Å"waxed livid. † She is temporarily stopped and restrained by Edgar Linton who is visiting but soon she boxes his ears unleashing her wrath. She is so unrestrained that anything goes. No actions have moral limits at Wuthering Heights and for Catherine when she is there. In contrast, at Thrushcross Grange there exist certain limits and rules. When Catherine first visits the Grange, she is given very good treatment. Her behavior is immediately affected for she sits â€Å"on the sofa quietly† while getting her â€Å"feet washed† and getting fed wonderful food. Staying five weeks, she takes up â€Å"fine clothes† and flattery. No longer is she a hatless little savage. † She is a â€Å"dignified† and â€Å"a lady now† with â€Å"splendid garments. † Her attitude has totally changed. She experiences what it feels like to be a lady and seems to like it to a certain extend. Thrushcross Grange influences Catherine for the better but soon Wuthering Heights takes over again. The people who live in each house become different when living in other house. Wuthering Heights Catherine: I was overjoyed at Heathcliffs return. He surprised everyone and just ‘turned up' one night while we were eating. I wanted Edgar and Heathcliff to get along now that they were older and (I hoped) maturer so I made every effort to get them talking, unfortunately neither had much to say to each other. One of the things that most surprised me about Heathcliff was that his appearance had changed; he was well built, and stockier than when he had left. I was so very pleased to see Heathcliff that I couldn't sleep as I was so excited that one of my closest friends had returned. Edgar became very annoyed and I realised I had always had an affinity for Heathcliff that could not be compared in strength to anything. As I would not let Heathcliff go, Edgar and I grew further apart, and our arguments more frequent until one day I decided that I would feign illness to see if he still loved me. But instead of coming to sit by my side, he immersed himself in his books, as if trying to forget that I existed. It hurt me in a way that I cannot describe. I felt as if the world had no meaning anymore – my husband did not love me, and I was at a place where I needed love and support most. It was only the intervention of Nelly that stopped me losing myself in a fit of passion for the moors. I decided to show them that by ignoring my feelings, I would in turn hurt theirs; I would â€Å"break both their hearts by breaking my own†. Edgar: I was extremely surprised to see a ‘plough-boy' arrive on our doorstep, only to be treated like a brother by Catherine. I was unsure what the fuss was about and confused as to why Catherine was so excited about the return of this runaway servant. Catherine wanted me to get along with Heathcliff but I knew the man when I was younger and had long decided to part myself from him. He immediately disrupted the household and caused Catherine to have sleepless nights. I saw a side of her that I had not previously seen. See seemed to talk endlessly about the old times and how they got on together. See would never talk to me properly, and when I even hinted that I did not like the fellow she flew into a rage and we would end up arguing. Heathcliff did not help matters one bit. He lay around aimlessly, preferring to watch and stir trouble if he could. I was not entirely bother by him though as anything that made Catherine happy, made me happy, and I tried as best I could to get along with him. Unfortunately, little did I know that he would cause our family to be ruined. Isabella: As soon as I met Heathcliff, I though he had a rough charm about him that I adored. I did not really know about his past, and that I did know I took with a pinch of salt, as I knew many people did not understand him. I wanted to know him better for a long time but my mother would hardly let him out of her site, let alone let anyone else converse with her precious friend. Eventually we agreed to elope together and only then did I see the real side of Heathcliff that I had come to cherish. He was an evil man. As soon as I realised I was pregnant I knew my life on the moors had ended and ran away to a place where I could start afresh. Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte was the middle woman in the most celebrated nineteenth century literary family. Supplemented by sister Anne and more renowned sibling Charlotte, she had a love for the Yorkshire moors and human passion, which are both reflected in the only novel she compiled in her 29 years – Wuthering Heights. At the time of its release, 1847, this controversial text divided many critics, and still does to this day. Many, me included, do not appreciate its content or intended objectives. Others oppose this viewpoint, stating that it's a masterpiece years, in terms of its originality, beyond the date of its initial publication. One thing does impress me in this carefully woven novel. Just as Francis Ford Coppola did with tremendous success in the Godfather Part II in 1976, Bronte splits the story into two with the future generation mirroring their ancestors, whether it be the characteristics or mistakes they duplicate there is an apparent resemblance between the old and new guard. The conflicting narrators provide both humour and useful insight into the inhabitants of the moors. Lockwood, the voice-over at the beginning, has acquired the tenancy of Thrushcross Grange and decides to introduce himself to his new landlord, Heathcliff. Their meeting takes place at the nearby Wuthering Heights household. Lockwood establishes a long-winded narrative, which suggests he is a well-educated man, but seems to lack direction. This is understandable considering he is placed in unfamiliar surroundings. Nevertheless, his landlord Heathcliff is hostile and unfriendly to Mr. Lockwood, who rather naively believes that their next meeting will drastically improve. Lockwood's second visit seems to be heading in the same direction as his previous one, with Heathcliff's servant Joseph offering no help whatsoever. However, Lockwood's visit vastly improves due to the introduction of Hareton and Catherine. The above point, to a certain extent, condemns the admirers of the book and supports its critics. This is because the story development is regarded as coherent, whereas Lockwood's improved visit is unpredictable and surprising. Lockwood displays, as he did in his original assessment of Heathcliff, poor judgement, mistaking dead rabbits for cats and in attempting to piece together the family history. Heathcliff promptly corrects him. He is invited to stay where he unravels some of the family mystique and endures nightmares as a result. Lockwood, despite being accompanied by Heathcliff to the gate of Thrushcross Grange, loses himself and increases the journey considerably. Lockwood, desperate to know more, asks his new housekeeper, Nelly Dean to enlighten him of Heathcliff's history. It is here where Lockwood hands over the narrative role to Dean. Nelly maintains this capacity for the remainder of the novel, albeit for the concluding three chapters, where Lockwood returns and resumes his role as commentator (symmetry.) The housekeeper is the complete opposite to her employer in terms of style. She uses elementary vocabulary, which is inferior to Lockwood's, but is far more effective as it is direct, relevant and essential in giving accounts of characters and their respective histories. This allows the reader to identify with that particular person and the motives and emotions behind their actions. It's revealed that Mr.Earnshaw, father of Catherine and Hindley, has adopted Heathcliff. Immediately this causes dissension in the Earnshaw ranks and both of Earnshaw's biological children dislike their relation. However, Catherine comes to grow fond of Heathcliff and the pair forge a tight-knit bond. Hindley displays jealousy. Not only has his sister changed her perspective on this outsider but, it appears that he has been displaced as Mr.Earnshaw's preferred son. After the death of his father, Hindley succeeds his father as the main resident at Wuthering Heights with his wife Frances. Catherine and Heathcliff have now established an intimate relationship, which furthers Hindley's disregard for Heathcliff. He, out of spite, degrades him by making him do intensive, boring work and isolate him from his sister by ordering Heathcliff to live with servants. Catherine, as a result of watching the Lintons at Thrushcross Grange, is attacked by guard dogs and her ankle is severely injured and is forced to remain at the Grange momentarily while Heathcliff returns to the Heights. Catherine's tenure at Thrushcross Grange seems to have transformed her into a new person. After regaining full fitness, she returns a smart lady. The example of Catherine's class elevation in just over a month reflects the impact the environment appears to have on the inhabitants. At Thrushcross, the surroundings are beautiful and captivated with fresh air, which is shown in the Lintons. Meanwhile, at Wuthering Heights, the house, located in a particularly rough region, is fading quickly. This has obviously rubbed off on Heathcliff and Hindley, who are possessive and bitter. While Catherine's undoubted love for Heatcliff hasn't diminished in their separation, it, possibly inadvertently, contributes to the eventual termination of their relationship, as she has developed affection for Edgar Linton. Catherine is given an ultimatum: Heathcliff or Edgar. She famously tells Nelly Dean: â€Å"I am Heathcliff.† This comment suggests that her allegiance with Heathcliff is unstoppable as he is a permanent part of her being, but her lust for a higher-class living and sense of security prevails. She chooses Linton. In my opinion, the primary focus of the novel, Catherine and Heathcliff's relationship captures, perhaps unintentionally, Bronte's use of symmetry and contrasts. Catherine, even before her visit to the Grange, is perceived as a warm woman. On the other hand, Heathcliff is a wild savage who attains a hardman reputation. The formation of their friendship and then blossoming romance, installs their partner's quality into them. Catherine livens up and becomes a little wilder while her elegance brings her companion's positive attributes to our attention. Due to his rejection, Heathcliff embarks on a 3-year exile from the moors. Catherine and Edgar marry a further three years down the line and live together in the Grange. Heathcliff decides to return from his absence at this point and proceeds to cause friction within the Grange. Catherine is deleterious upon the return of her true love's return. Coinciding with this, Edgar's sister Isabella becomes besotted with Heathcliff. The feeling is far from mutual, but Heathcliff, whose love is still reserved for Catherine, realises this is an ideal opportunity to spite Edgar. This fuels off arguments among Edgar, Catherine and Isabella. Heathcliff agrees to marry Isabella and her brother disowns her. Heathcliff has accomplished his sole purpose: To divide the Linton family. Volume 2 begins with the declining condition and inevitable death of Catherine. On the night of her death, she gives birth to Cathy Linton. Isabella and Heathcliff end their association. Heathcliff later discovers his wife has given birth to a son. A lengthy time-shift in the narration transpires. Edgar, after receiving note of Isabella's condition, orders for her child-Linton- to stay with him. Heathcliff has a devious plan: For his son, Linton and Cathy to marry which would ensure his entitlement of both Thrushcross Grange and Wuthering Heights. Edgar learns of Heathcliff's intention and attempts to prevent his daughter from coming into contact with either Heathcliff or Linton. Rather like her mother, Cathy's desire to interact with Linton cannot be denied and she communicates with him privately – like Catherine did with Heathcliff in the early stages of the novel. Edgar then dies and Linton is handed ownership of Thrushcross as opposed to his descendant Cathy. Following Linton's death, Cathy is cruelly unable to seize ownership because she is now Heathcliff's daughter-in-law and he, not her, becomes landlord. As he dictates the Grange he decides to install a new tenant and orders her to live with him at Wuthering Heights. Like with previous inhabitants, Wuthering Heights only serves to change her into a miserable woman. Heathcliff, rather than inflict more suffering, seems now to be more concerned with being buried with Catherine than interfere with Cathy's affairs. He tells Nelly Dean that she's haunted him for years. Cathy then forms a friendship with Hareton, which like her mother lays the foundations for a relationship. Heathcliff finally dies through his burning desire to lie with Catherine. Catherine and Cathy travel very similar paths. They're strong-minded, lively and delectable women who have both engaged in two stern relationships. (Catherine with Edgar and Heathcliff, Cathy with Linton and Hareton.) Their respective happiness, it seems is heavily influenced by the mere presence of Thrushcross Grange. As well as this, Catherine begins her life at Wuthering Heights and Cathy ends the novel there, rather like the aforementioned narrative symmetry between Lockwood and Nelly Dean. One intriguing thing is that while Thrushcross Grange brought the best out of the pair personally, it's difficult to say if it was there that they were their happiest there. Cathy must be relieved that she has found love with Hareton at the Heights after her previous marriage to Linton. And Catherine even confirmed it was Heathcliff, who she mingled with during her time at Wuthering Heights, not Edgar that she loved. Heathcliff remains the same throughout. An uncaring person, that divides two generations. First of all Mr. Earnshaw's relationship with his son Hindley deteriorates as a result and then later causes friction between Cathy and Edgar. As mentioned above with regards to Catherine and her daughter, Heathcliff is involved in the two three-way relationships. Participating in the original affair and emerging the unlucky party in conjunction with Edgar and Catherine and instigating Cathy's two marriages with son Linton and Hareton. Despite this though, Catherine who he's rightfully buried with, exposes his sensitive side, even after her death and his marriage to Isabella. Wuthering Heights Have you ever known what it felt like to truly love someone? There is lust, infatuation, puppy-love but have you ever known true love? In â€Å"Wuthering Heights† Catherine and Heathcliff think they have found true love, but other may conclude they just have a crude mix of affection, lust, infatuation and need. Cathy shows very well that she does not truly love Heathcliff. Love is when two people would do anything to be together no matter what size, color, social status or imperfection. I've no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldn't have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him† (pg. 73) Catherine says she would not even think of marrying Edgar if Hindley had not degraded Heathcliff, making him a common servant. If Cathy really loves Heathcliff none of this should matter. In the end Catherine is deciding to marry Edgar, this completely tears Heathcliff apart to the point where he runs away from Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is being put through miserable heartbreak and when he finally returns to Wuthering Heights he takes a liking to Isabella, Edgar’s sister. This is Heathcliff’s way of bothering Cathy, not for revenge but just to get a rise out of her. If you really love someone, although you will get jealous, you want them to be happy even if it does not include being with you. ‘That's not the plan. The tyrant grinds down his slaves and they don't turn against him; they crush those beneath them. You are welcome to torture me to death for your amusement, only allow me to amuse myself a little in the same style, and refrain from insult as much as you are able. Having levelled my palace, don't erect a hovel and complacently admire your own charity in giving me that for a home. If I imagined you really wished me to marry Isabel, I'd cut my throat! ‘† Heathcliff admits that he knows that Catherine does not want him to marry Isabella, which is partly the reason he is marrying her. Heathcliff is trying to make Catherine jealous and it works quite well. Heathcliff does not truly love Cathy, he wants her to be miserable and envy Isabella like he envies Edgar. Catherine and Heathcliff’s love was a very selfish one, its almost like they used each other. They had no one else to be with, so they latched onto each other. â€Å"Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living! You said I killed you–haunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers. I believe–I know that ghosts have wandered on earth. Be with me always–take any form–drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh God! it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! (pg. 176) Heathcliff will not let Catherine rest or move on because he selfishly needs her to suffer with him. Heathcliff will then blame Cathy and say she has broken her own heart.â€Å"You teach me how cruel you've been – cruel and false. Why do you despise me? Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort. You deserve this. You have killed yourself. Yes, you may kiss me, and cry, and wring out my kisses and tears; they'll blight you – they'll damn you. You loved me–then what right had you to leave me? What right–answer me–for the poor fancy you felt for Linton? Because misery, and degradation and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us, you, of your own will, did it. I have not broken your heart–you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine† ( pg. 170) Heathcliff takes no responsibility for faults or mistakes he may have made, instead he chooses to blame them all on Cathy. It seems very few people know what true love is, and for those who have found it have found the most precious and wanted thing in the world. Catherine and Heathcliff think that they have true love but in reality they do not. Wuthering Heights Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte is a novel about passion and its many consequences. The story takes place at two completely different estates. One Wuthering Heights were the Earnshaws and Heathcliff reside. Wuthering Heights is a place of disorder. The people that live in the house have no limits to their passions and become violent. The other estate, Thrushcross Grange, is inhabited by the Linton family, people have established rules of social law and principles. In the novel, Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte, though appearance and people, represents the two houses as complete opposites, Wuthering Heights as turmoil and Thrushcross Grange as peace, to serve the theme of the novel that only together they give the symbol of subsistence. The different appearances and decor of the two houses, Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange further the dissimilar aspects of the house as well as the people who reside in each house. Wuthering Heights,† the name of the house immediately suggest that life there in not free from commotion. The word â€Å"wuthering† perfectly describes the weather of the immediate area around the house. The climate is â€Å"descriptive of the atmospheric tumult† to which it is â€Å"exposed in stormy weather. † The house is extremely prone to stormy weather for it is situated on top a hill, alone and far away from any other human habitat. The proximity to the mysterious and furtiveness furthermore adds to the gloomy atmosphere of Wuthering Heights. It is a place of darkness and dismalness. The wind near Wuthering Heights is also so powerful and long lasting in an â€Å"excessive slant† and a range of gaunt thorn â€Å"all [stretch] their limbs one way. † The wind pushes these trees for such a long time that they have adapted to its presence and sway endlessly to prevent their trucks from cracking. Because of the strong everlasting weather, the house is built sturdily. It has narrow windows that have been â€Å"deeply set in the wall† and corners that are defended â€Å"with large jutting stones. Just as the weather seems to attach the house and underlying areas, the inhabitants seems to rant inside in a similar manner. And not only do these qualities accomplish that task of describing the murkiness that exists there, but the dicor is also very influential in creating the same mood of turmoil and disorder. The house is decorated with â€Å"sundry, villainous old guns† and a â€Å"couple of pistols. † The display of firearms greatly implies the violence present in this house. Furthermore, this wretched dwelling is rampant with dogs. There is a â€Å"swarm of squealing puppies† around a â€Å"liver-colored bitch pointer. † These dogs, like the human residents of Wuthering Heights, are easily agitated. When the visitor teases then a bit, they viciously attack and the resident do not attempt to sway the attack, but merely comment on its humor. This event emphasizes the violence present and total lack of concern for standards of society the people have. Thrushcross Grange is the other hand is free from the tempestuous weather and is lavishing. The Grange is a â€Å"beautiful† and â€Å"splendid place. Life at the Grange is kept within bounds just like the Grange exist as well-planned part within the boundary of its own walls. The house is â€Å"carpeted with crimson† rugs and has a â€Å"pure white ceiling bordered by gold. † This suggests that it is a place of refinement and elegance. Books fill its walls, implying that it is a place of intellect and order. The Grange is extravagant and classy, attributes lacking at Wuthering Heights. Both houses appearance and dicor reveals the events that occur inside the houses. The people who live in the houses and the actions in each house reveal the aspect that the two houses are complete opposites and only together can exist in harmony. The house the people stay in gives them a totally different identity. For example, at Wuthering Heights Catherine is unruly. At Wuthering Heights she is a â€Å"wild, wicked slip† always laughing when made to apologize for bad actions. She takes nothing seriously at Wuthering Heights and revels in the lack of code of conduct. The house even influences her violent nature. She hurts Ellen â€Å"extremely† by leaving a â€Å"purple witness,† and after lying about the inflicting this mark she slap Ellen â€Å"on the cheek. † She also seizes her nephew Hareton by his shoulders and shakes him until he is â€Å"waxed livid. † She is temporarily stopped and restrained by Edgar Linton who is visiting but soon she boxes his ears unleashing her wrath. She is so unrestrained that anything goes. No actions have moral limits at Wuthering Heights and for Catherine when she is there. In contrast, at Thrushcross Grange there exist certain limits and rules. When Catherine first visits the Grange, she is given very good treatment. Her behavior is immediately affected for she sits â€Å"on the sofa quietly† while getting her â€Å"feet washed† and getting fed wonderful food. Staying five weeks, she takes up â€Å"fine clothes† and flattery. No longer is she a hatless little savage. † She is a â€Å"dignified† and â€Å"a lady now† with â€Å"splendid garments. † Her attitude has totally changed. She experiences what it feels like to be a lady and seems to like it to a certain extend. Thrushcross Grange influences Catherine for the better but soon Wuthering Heights takes over again. The people who live in each house become different when living in other house. Wuthering Heights Catherine: I was overjoyed at Heathcliffs return. He surprised everyone and just ‘turned up' one night while we were eating. I wanted Edgar and Heathcliff to get along now that they were older and (I hoped) maturer so I made every effort to get them talking, unfortunately neither had much to say to each other. One of the things that most surprised me about Heathcliff was that his appearance had changed; he was well built, and stockier than when he had left. I was so very pleased to see Heathcliff that I couldn't sleep as I was so excited that one of my closest friends had returned. Edgar became very annoyed and I realised I had always had an affinity for Heathcliff that could not be compared in strength to anything. As I would not let Heathcliff go, Edgar and I grew further apart, and our arguments more frequent until one day I decided that I would feign illness to see if he still loved me. But instead of coming to sit by my side, he immersed himself in his books, as if trying to forget that I existed. It hurt me in a way that I cannot describe. I felt as if the world had no meaning anymore – my husband did not love me, and I was at a place where I needed love and support most. It was only the intervention of Nelly that stopped me losing myself in a fit of passion for the moors. I decided to show them that by ignoring my feelings, I would in turn hurt theirs; I would â€Å"break both their hearts by breaking my own†. Edgar: I was extremely surprised to see a ‘plough-boy' arrive on our doorstep, only to be treated like a brother by Catherine. I was unsure what the fuss was about and confused as to why Catherine was so excited about the return of this runaway servant. Catherine wanted me to get along with Heathcliff but I knew the man when I was younger and had long decided to part myself from him. He immediately disrupted the household and caused Catherine to have sleepless nights. I saw a side of her that I had not previously seen. See seemed to talk endlessly about the old times and how they got on together. See would never talk to me properly, and when I even hinted that I did not like the fellow she flew into a rage and we would end up arguing. Heathcliff did not help matters one bit. He lay around aimlessly, preferring to watch and stir trouble if he could. I was not entirely bother by him though as anything that made Catherine happy, made me happy, and I tried as best I could to get along with him. Unfortunately, little did I know that he would cause our family to be ruined. Isabella: As soon as I met Heathcliff, I though he had a rough charm about him that I adored. I did not really know about his past, and that I did know I took with a pinch of salt, as I knew many people did not understand him. I wanted to know him better for a long time but my mother would hardly let him out of her site, let alone let anyone else converse with her precious friend. Eventually we agreed to elope together and only then did I see the real side of Heathcliff that I had come to cherish. He was an evil man. As soon as I realised I was pregnant I knew my life on the moors had ended and ran away to a place where I could start afresh. Wuthering Heights Have you ever known what it felt like to truly love someone? There is lust, infatuation, puppy-love but have you ever known true love? In â€Å"Wuthering Heights† Catherine and Heathcliff think they have found true love, but other may conclude they just have a crude mix of affection, lust, infatuation and need. Cathy shows very well that she does not truly love Heathcliff. Love is when two people would do anything to be together no matter what size, color, social status or imperfection. I've no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldn't have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him† (pg. 73) Catherine says she would not even think of marrying Edgar if Hindley had not degraded Heathcliff, making him a common servant. If Cathy really loves Heathcliff none of this should matter. In the end Catherine is deciding to marry Edgar, this completely tears Heathcliff apart to the point where he runs away from Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is being put through miserable heartbreak and when he finally returns to Wuthering Heights he takes a liking to Isabella, Edgar’s sister. This is Heathcliff’s way of bothering Cathy, not for revenge but just to get a rise out of her. If you really love someone, although you will get jealous, you want them to be happy even if it does not include being with you. ‘That's not the plan. The tyrant grinds down his slaves and they don't turn against him; they crush those beneath them. You are welcome to torture me to death for your amusement, only allow me to amuse myself a little in the same style, and refrain from insult as much as you are able. Having levelled my palace, don't erect a hovel and complacently admire your own charity in giving me that for a home. If I imagined you really wished me to marry Isabel, I'd cut my throat! ‘† Heathcliff admits that he knows that Catherine does not want him to marry Isabella, which is partly the reason he is marrying her. Heathcliff is trying to make Catherine jealous and it works quite well. Heathcliff does not truly love Cathy, he wants her to be miserable and envy Isabella like he envies Edgar. Catherine and Heathcliff’s love was a very selfish one, its almost like they used each other. They had no one else to be with, so they latched onto each other. â€Å"Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living! You said I killed you–haunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers. I believe–I know that ghosts have wandered on earth. Be with me always–take any form–drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh God! it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! (pg. 176) Heathcliff will not let Catherine rest or move on because he selfishly needs her to suffer with him. Heathcliff will then blame Cathy and say she has broken her own heart.â€Å"You teach me how cruel you've been – cruel and false. Why do you despise me? Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort. You deserve this. You have killed yourself. Yes, you may kiss me, and cry, and wring out my kisses and tears; they'll blight you – they'll damn you. You loved me–then what right had you to leave me? What right–answer me–for the poor fancy you felt for Linton? Because misery, and degradation and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us, you, of your own will, did it. I have not broken your heart–you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine† ( pg. 170) Heathcliff takes no responsibility for faults or mistakes he may have made, instead he chooses to blame them all on Cathy. It seems very few people know what true love is, and for those who have found it have found the most precious and wanted thing in the world. Catherine and Heathcliff think that they have true love but in reality they do not. Wuthering Heights Have you ever known what it felt like to truly love someone? There is lust, infatuation, puppy-love but have you ever known true love? In â€Å"Wuthering Heights† Catherine and Heathcliff think they have found true love, but other may conclude they just have a crude mix of affection, lust, infatuation and need. Cathy shows very well that she does not truly love Heathcliff. Love is when two people would do anything to be together no matter what size, color, social status or imperfection. I've no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldn't have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him† (pg. 73) Catherine says she would not even think of marrying Edgar if Hindley had not degraded Heathcliff, making him a common servant. If Cathy really loves Heathcliff none of this should matter. In the end Catherine is deciding to marry Edgar, this completely tears Heathcliff apart to the point where he runs away from Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is being put through miserable heartbreak and when he finally returns to Wuthering Heights he takes a liking to Isabella, Edgar’s sister. This is Heathcliff’s way of bothering Cathy, not for revenge but just to get a rise out of her. If you really love someone, although you will get jealous, you want them to be happy even if it does not include being with you. ‘That's not the plan. The tyrant grinds down his slaves and they don't turn against him; they crush those beneath them. You are welcome to torture me to death for your amusement, only allow me to amuse myself a little in the same style, and refrain from insult as much as you are able. Having levelled my palace, don't erect a hovel and complacently admire your own charity in giving me that for a home. If I imagined you really wished me to marry Isabel, I'd cut my throat! ‘† Heathcliff admits that he knows that Catherine does not want him to marry Isabella, which is partly the reason he is marrying her. Heathcliff is trying to make Catherine jealous and it works quite well. Heathcliff does not truly love Cathy, he wants her to be miserable and envy Isabella like he envies Edgar. Catherine and Heathcliff’s love was a very selfish one, its almost like they used each other. They had no one else to be with, so they latched onto each other. â€Å"Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living! You said I killed you–haunt me, then! The murdered do haunt their murderers. I believe–I know that ghosts have wandered on earth. Be with me always–take any form–drive me mad! only do not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh God! it is unutterable! I cannot live without my life! (pg. 176) Heathcliff will not let Catherine rest or move on because he selfishly needs her to suffer with him. Heathcliff will then blame Cathy and say she has broken her own heart.â€Å"You teach me how cruel you've been – cruel and false. Why do you despise me? Why did you betray your own heart, Cathy? I have not one word of comfort. You deserve this. You have killed yourself. Yes, you may kiss me, and cry, and wring out my kisses and tears; they'll blight you – they'll damn you. You loved me–then what right had you to leave me? What right–answer me–for the poor fancy you felt for Linton? Because misery, and degradation and death, and nothing that God or Satan could inflict would have parted us, you, of your own will, did it. I have not broken your heart–you have broken it; and in breaking it, you have broken mine† ( pg. 170) Heathcliff takes no responsibility for faults or mistakes he may have made, instead he chooses to blame them all on Cathy. It seems very few people know what true love is, and for those who have found it have found the most precious and wanted thing in the world. Catherine and Heathcliff think that they have true love but in reality they do not.

Financial Statements Essay

There are four basic financial statements that companies use. They begin with income statement, statement of owner’s equity, balance sheet, and the statement of cash flows. Company’s use income statements to report how much money they have made and how much they have spent over a specified period of time. The statement of owner’s equity is used to report any changes in equity from a company’s net income or net loss, as well as report changes in the owner’s investments and withdrawals over a specified period of time. The balance sheet is used to report a company’s financial position at any point in time. This statement includes information such as what types of assets and their amounts, liabilities, and equity. The statement of cash flows is the last document out of the four basic financial statements. This statement is used to report how much money a company is bringing in (receipts), and how much they are spending (payments), during a specific period of time. Any changes found in assets and liabilities on a balance sheet reflect the revenues and expenses found in the income statement, which in turn results in gains or losses for a company. The statement of cash flows reports more information concerning the cash assets that are listed on a balance sheet and a linked, but not necessarily the same, as the net income found on the company’s income statement. Financial statements are nothing but numbers on a document when they’re on their own, but together, they provide valuable and powerful information for a company to make very big decisions about how to run their company, and how to make decisions for their company in the future. The information is also valuable for investors to make wise and educated decisions for investing in companies.

Finance coventry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance coventry - Essay Example The balance scorecard and the strategy map formulated can serve as an effective tool for the company to predict its effective future plan. This study contains suitable recommendations based on the key parameters used for the purpose of analysis which can serve as benchmark for the company to improve its financial and non-financial performances. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 1. Introduction 4 2. Vision and Strategy 4 3. Balanced Scorecard for Marks and Spencer PLC 5 3.1. Financial perspective 6 3.2. Customer perspective 6 3.3. Internal business perspective 7 3.4. Learning and innovation perspective 8 4. Strategy Map 8 5. Recommendations 9 6. Critical Discussion and Evaluation 10 Reference List 10 Appendices 12 1. Introduction Marks and Spencer (M&S) Group PLC is an international retailer headquartered in London, England, United Kingdom. It is listed as a holding company of the Marks and Spencer Group of companies. Its varied line of products includes clothing (both Men’ s wear and Women’s wear), home ware as well as food. Its clothing division alone includes 731 shops across the United Kingdom. Its presence is not only limited to the domestic circuit. The company enjoys an unprecedented level of presence around the globe having 387 stores in 43 territories across Europe, the Middle East and Asia (Reuters, 2013). This report will primarily involve the analysis of the food retail section of Marks and Spencer thereby identifying its vision and strategy. Henceforth, a balanced scorecard and a strategy map will be designed in order to align business activities of the company to its identified vision and strategy as well as to explain each parameter used for the analysis and their significance towards the company’s goals and targets. 2. Vision and Strategy Marks and Spencer’s vision is to set a benchmark on the basis of which everything else is evaluated. In order to stay true to the vision, they have laid down subsequent strategies which when followed will help the company to grow from strength to strength. Their primary aim is to become truly international, multichannel retailer whereby they can make their long range of products and services easily accessible to people all around the globe. Apart from providing quality products, they also aim to deliver exceptional value as well as high quality services to their customers. Their penchant to stay at the forefront of innovations in both general merchandising and food section is a significant factor giving them the recognition of a truly world class company. As far as Marks and Spencer’s strategies to improve its food retail section are concerned, they have been moderately successful in 2011 as well as in 2012 with their sales increasing by 4.1% in 2011 from what it was in 2010 (Marks and Spencer, 2011). This growth in sales owed to the fact that customers expected the company to come up with innovative products and this expectation in return resulted in an appreciation in the number of customers of M&S. Their strategy is to grow their food business by focusing primarily on their core strengths which are convenience, freshness and speciality. Convenience of shopping is another area that the company is currently working on for improving the way customers find and choose things in the store. This aim led them to come up with the clearer signage scheme. M&S also want their stores to be easily accessible

PI4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PI4 - Essay Example ommunicating with people within and outside the organization; the person occupying this position will have to interact with the company’s employees so that the right message can be effectively communicated (Cronshow et al., 2007). In order to resolve any conflict that arises among the people, HR assistant will have to deal with it in a true and fair way so that everyone is satisfied with the final decision made. The HR assistant will have to learn all three communication skills i.e. oral, written and nonverbal. The written skills are crucial as the person will be writing the policies for the company and the language used should be adequate so that the employees can clearly understand the intended message. While dealing with the staff, the HR assistant will have to ensure that each employee is at ease to discuss any problem and both of them can agree on a solution so that the problem is resolved. The nonverbal communication is the most important aspect as it reflects upon the professionalism and expertise of the person; the HR assistant will have to ensure that the right gestures and postures are used while communicating so that there is a healthy relationship between the assistant and HR manager. Based on your identification of the elements and qualifications provide an opinion as to whether the company has conducted a proper analysis of the particular job they are seeking to fill and whether they would be able to gather a pool of qualified applicants. The main elements of a good job description are that they have complete details about the tasks and duties that the jobholder will perform along with the required skills and qualifications (Brannick, Levine & Morgeson, 2007). From the analysis of the job advertisement, it is evident that the company has done a thorough research about the particular job requirements. However, two elements are missing i.e. required qualification level and experience that the candidate must have in the HR field. Although all other

Argyle Diamonds Strategic Business Plan Case Study

Argyle Diamonds Strategic Business Plan - Case Study Example Companies should have successful competitive strategies to be able to attract, retain and grow customers. However, before the company can plan and execute these strategies, it should be able to pinpoint its sources of competitive advantage which can be differentiated through products, services, channels, people and to age (Kotler & Armstrong, 2001). Since the market is in the international orientation, the advertisers should keep in mind the differences that are distinct between and among the target market from different cultural backgrounds which may significantly affect the effectivity of the campaign. The fact is, there may be ideas that will not be applicable across the diverse target market population. Studies on the relationship of consumer behavior and their personal values and cultural orientation as well as their beliefs on certain principles, the dispositions they hold and the side they take on political, gender and social problems and issues should be duly accorded. Moreover, other elements, such as understanding the right target audience for a product or service, an indeed, researching such an audience in considerable depth, are equally important. Similarly, even if the appropriate channels are known and understood, the content of the messaging and communications developed for those channels, and that audience, or nature of critical importance. Such channels, for example, will include TV advertising, or an outdoor campaign. Advocates of such channels will argue with justification, that media can now be bought to give a highly articulate degree of one to one targeting, but more importantly the inclusion within messaging across these channels of a telephone number, email address, or website, fulfill our requirement to develop one to one dialogue (Elgar, 2003).

Definition of litreatures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition of litreatures - Research Paper Example However, this also comes with a price. Since the research is entirely based on questionnaires or vignettes scenarios which are a modified form of introspection itself except the fact that it’s quantifiable and less reliant on biases. Therefore, what is required is a strong background research on literature and a systematic approach towards research. How will that help make it more empirical? First, as literature includes past researches and theories on the same topic, it is easier to filter out irrelevant details and detect a platform to analyze the given data. It also provides a head start for the research in a way that it shows things already has been done in the field so that the new research is not redundant. In addition, it shows what could not be achieved in the field so that the new research is not too ambitious and it shows how to go about a research in the field so that the new research does not end up at a dead-end. Thus, a systematic approach towards the research an d an extensive literature review is a key to an authentic and successful research. This paper will dive into the depth of these processes and explore how they benefit the researcher and the project. Systematic Search The first step in a good scientific research is a systematic searching. By systematic searching, it is meant that a particular scheme is followed while searching. To start with a systematic research, the first step is to formulate a clear question which includes all critical aspects of the topic like what, why, who, how, where, when, which, where etc. This is important because once the question is formulated, one is aware of what one is looking for and the research is less prone to divert into irrelevant directions. Once one knows what one is looking for, the next step is splitting the question into independent parts what this means is to separate the relation aspect from the individuality of the topics and study them independently in their own context and then in relat ion to each other. The third step is to find a suitable database to take material from. By specifying the discipline to the system, one can access to a large amount of information on any given topic. Next step is to find the search items. Many features of the item like synonyms, plural forms, and different spellings should be attended to in this section. Once, the search takes place, it is important to pay attention to results. If the results are not many, it is better to search with different terms. If there are a lot of them, it is advisable to use more narrowed terms (Laake, 14, 2007) Systematic Review Once the systematic research is being carried out, the next important step is to review the information systematically. A systematic review comprises of several steps: first, it identifies all relevant evidences for the topic. It gathers a pool of information through systematic searching which was explained above. Next, it selects studies, which are to be included and discards the rest. This narrows down the information and brings out the most important points to be included. Third, it identifies the relevant evidence in the reports, which are selected to be included. Since only particular proofs are required from these extensive studies, this step is of crucial importance. Often, the relevant researches have just one or two important points substantiated with adequate results. It is very important to scan those out and leave the rest as they are of little importance for the research project. At the same

Contributory Role of Richard Cantillon, A R J Turgot and Jean-Baptiste Essay

Contributory Role of Richard Cantillon, A R J Turgot and Jean-Baptiste Say Towards Austrian Economics - Essay Example It was in the early fifteenth century when a group of experts and their followers began to emphasize on the process of depicting and quantifying the human actions with the guidance of specific trends. These trends and the explanations of those were further described as theories. Notably, it was in this era that academicians observed human actions to be executed in a law as a reaction towards situational changes. These laws were found to be more apparent amid people when transacting with monetary values (Schulak & Unterkofler, 2011). Notably, the Austrian School can be recognized as one of the foundations of European economic schools of thought. The European schools of thought are often noted to be based on two contradictory dimensions among which one is the Austrian School and the other is the German Historical School (Taylor, 1980). Similar to other stream of theories focusing on the human characteristic and nature, the theoretical emulsion of Austrian School happened through variou s phases and stages presenting new challenges for the then economists to manipulate into comprehensive, structured and rationale methodologies. Certainly, the then economists were few of the early academicians with insignificant theories to develop relevant methodologies and thus had to depend on their understandings, perceptions and theoretical knowledge. Moreover, the economists during that time period considered the value of theories to be more relevant and beneficial than referring to the historical courses. This led to numerous contradictory view points as concluded by the then economists and thus rendered a mixed and widely diverse explanation of the economic activities. It is in this context that modern economists grew conscious regarding the need of a generally accepted framework to theoretically describe the economic methodologies, lack of which can result to similar contradictions as was noticed in the case of Austrian School. It is quite noteworthy in this context that th e challenges faced by Austrian economists during the development phases of Austrian School was far more greater than the challenges faced by contemporary economists with due consideration to the then economic philosophy. Furthermore, it is due to this reason that the contribution of economists in developing the Austrian School was recognized to be inevitable and highly appreciable (Gloria & Palarmo, 1999). However, only a handful of economists consider themselves as a part of Austrian School providing larger focus on the criticism of the methodologies presented by Austrian economists (Holcombe, 1999). The relationship existing between the contemporary economic values and traditional economic values with regards to Austrian School tends to be quite distinct. As was noted by Holcombe (1999), even though the modern economics methodologies tend to criticize the Austrian School from various perspectives considering its applications in the academic as well as in public policy making, the contemporary beliefs and theories are becoming increasingly similar to that of the Austrian School. However, it is certainly neither with due consideration nor as a result of the influence perceived by the Austrian economists. It is also not due to the changes occurred in the Austrian School. From an in-depth point of view, the inclination of modern economics towards Austrian School can be observed as the changes occurring in the contemporary economic methodologies. In other words, the perspective of modern economists are emerging to be more similar to the methodologies presented in the Austrian School but in a complex and furthermore in a practical manner (Holcombe, 1999). Multiple researches can be obtained

Legal Week 4 Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legal Week 4 Discussion - Assignment Example Peer review can indeed be said to be an effective program within the health sector in achieving quality health care. This is because through peer review, there is a professional back up of the actual health care service that is delivered to service users (World Health Organization, 2011). This is to say that peer review makes it possible for there to be validity of professional medical outcomes, whereby the decisions and actions of medical staff members are subject to third party scrutiny to ensure that all forms of lapses are identified and corrected. In such a situation, the patient or service user becomes the eventual benefactor, getting an assurance that there is always a back up for guaranteed health care. Peer review can also be said to be very effective in promoting peer learning. What this means is that through various peer review methods, professional medical staff are able to learn from their colleagues and peers through the corrections and critique they pass on them. Meanwhile, within the professional medical practice, continuous learning has been noted to be an important process that ensures that service providers are always equipped with the latest service standards to use in rendering quality service (Bond and Bond, 2004). Meanwhile when the service provider is guaranteed to be of high quality, this can be translated into the quality of care (World Health Organization,

Tesco Plc Financial Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tesco Plc Financial Analysis - Coursework Example Furthermore, Tesco operate online sales of product which has seen them expand internationally and get customers all over the world. There are reasons as to why Tesco is customers’ favorite store in the UK. Tesco have got a well analyzed capital structure which supports the growth of business plan with consideration of their expertise in the financial system and cash management. Tesco also has a business that deals in banking. In its finance department, Tesco has schemed on operation of its business and financial strategies which is inclusive on debt, financing, equity, and capital investment. Tesco as a corporation is authorized to give only three categories of capital stock. These categories are unlimited in number and are inclusive of preferred shares, common shares, and the 2nd preferred shares. The common shareholders are permitted to attendance of any meeting and receiving of notice of the Tesco’s shareholders. The common shareholders also have the right to only on e vote. Both the second and first shareholders are known as preferred shareholders. According to the rights of the preferred Shareholders, the common shareholders have gotten the right to receivership of any dividend that has been declared by Tesco Corporation and upon dissolution receive any remnants of Tesco Corporation. Tesco states that their main sources of finance are from medium and long term debts, retained profits, commercial paper, leases, issues and bank borrowings (Tesco 2007). There is a FY Tesco generated 2611 million pounds from their operating activities that financed 3 billion pounds expenditure on capital, inclusive of 1899 million profit that added to retained earnings. Another finance provider is from the shareholders. The company gets financed by debt more than equity. Leases also form a source of financing Tesco, which is a major contributor towards its balance sheet and in its capital structure. The financial strategy of Tesco seems to have moved to a change i n its capital structure hence making equity returns get better by the increase of finance debt in utilizing tax shield. Nevertheless, it seems that it is because of the ratio of debt-equity that there have not been any changes. To support this, by the year 2010, this ratio had actually dropped to approximately 0.11 from 0.12. After debt issues in the balance sheet and sale of property, this level was reinstated to its initial level. By consideration of this ratio, there is a sign that Tesco is not concentrated on improvement of shareholders’ equity return. Taking this to be their major goal, Tesco would have achieved it by the increase of leverage and more debt issue. Instead, they take advantage of conversion of assets into capital with the aim of making the shareholders interested. Question two Question two requires an explanation on what ‘FACTORING FOR BUSINESS’ means and its usefulness in an organization. Factoring for business is a transaction in finance tha t involves selling of a firm’s account receivables. In a detailed level, factoring involves the provision of finance by the factor to the account’s seller in advance cash form (Seidman, 2005). The accounts are always approximately 80 percent of the total price of the accounts purchase, taking into account payment of the purchase price balance, commission and upon collection other charges. The factor may opt for

Is the military-industrial complex a result of the reliance of the Essay

Is the military-industrial complex a result of the reliance of the capitalist economy on military production as a stabiliser of - Essay Example President Eisenhower used the term to refer to the close ties between the military and industrial sectors. The origin of military industrial complex can be traced during World War II period, when many companies came into contact with the state. Majority of the companies started manufacturing armaments and tanks for the government on a large scale. During the world war, the Department of Defense granted many private companies military contracts in aerospace and the production of military weapons, tanks and vehicles. The US government was not producing weapons like other countries, but contracted private companies to supply the needed military material. As a result of the cold war tensions, many con-agglomerates won valuable defense contracts. This contributed to the rise of stock prices in the year 1960 (Geisst 2006, p.272). The private companies relied on government contracts to get their revenue. The government also appointed high rank officials in the military as executives and con sultants. This gave rise to a close relationship between the military and private corporations, which received a lot of criticism. In the recent years, the military-industrial complex terminology has fallen out of use. However, it is still used in reference to the relationship between governments and armaments producers, who spend enormous amount of budget on the defence sector (Geisst 2006, p. 273). Many governments prefer to buy military equipments and supplies from local private companies at an additional cost. This is what yields the label military-industrial complex, which is an established relationship between the defense establishments and the domestic industries. Military hardware accounts for the largest expenditure on total government equipment expenditure. Contracts awarded by department of defense provide suppliers with competitive advantage in financial, technological and commercial terms. The reliance on supplies and armor produced by a state own factory is thought to reduce the dependence on private supplies and the vulnerability of a nation to arms embargo. The production of arms by government can help reduce overpricing, abuse and long term dependence on foreign arm producers and private corporations in a country directly (Schiavo-Campo and Hazel 2008, p.271). The United States has become the powerful and incontestable power that has emerged from the centuries of the development of capitalistic economies. The US takes a center stage on the international economic structure, which relies on the economies of the underdeveloped counties. The U.S internal economy is tied to the world economic system through its continued dependency on its military expenditures and its extended exploitation of third world countries. The emergency of U.S as a world power dates back in mechanical production and technological innovation in the years before 1914. Before the year 1914, America had made access to its expansive natural resources and exploited them, which s timulated foreign trade outlets. This also led to the establishment of a flexible protective tariff system making U.S to benefit from financial assistance from older nations. This made it possible for U.S to develop a good network of transport and communication. During the World war I, U.S business increased as it move in to take advantage of the markets in the post war era (Cannon and Emile 2011, p.15). During this time, Latin America formed a main target for U.S because it was

Directing and Acting an Extract FromA View From he Bridge Essay Example for Free

Directing and Acting an Extract FromA View From he Bridge Essay Directing and acting in an extract of the book was great fun. Especially the extract that we had chosen as it set a challenge, with many events that have to be dealt with maturely. Plot/ Theme We choose the scene of when Eddie kisses Catherine and Rodolfo because we felt that it was a scene of great importance to the structure of the play. Eddie before hand had shown very little jealousy of Rodolfo and Catherine, but in this scene it is the first time we can clearly see it. This display of jealousy also turned Eddies and Catherines relationship, then again their love and friendship had been rumbling ever since Rodolfo had arrived, but this really was the moment where the relationship had really become obvious that it had completely changed from the start of the book. This fight also results in Catherine leaving the home, another point in the play that is very important. I dont now about the rest of the group, but I also choose this section because it was a challenge worth taking on. I knew that many of the other people would choose the immigration officers section, but that seemed very boring and so I thought this section would be a better, more challenging section. This section really deals with the power of Catherines love for Rodolfo and how the love that once fell apon Eddie had gone. Catherines love for Rodolfo was so strong that she abandons the father she had cared for all her life. On a less serious note it also deals with the seriousness of drunkenness, as it can cause huge problems and can also make you do really stupid things, things that youd never do, like kiss people that youd never kiss. Characterisation This section also allowed us to reveal huge amount about the characters. Rodolfo: Rodolfo reveals a huge amount about his character, especially when it is such a small section, but then again it shows how important this extract is to the play. It is quite clear that Rodolfo loves Catherine, so much so that hed be willing to put his life and dignity on the line just to be able to love and to be with her. This is very clear when he gets into a fight with Eddie, although he already knew that hed be beaten (When he was boxing with Eddie, he had been hurt by eddies punch). Now this is shown particularly when Rodolfo tells Eddie Dont (pulls on Eddies arm) Stop that! Have respect for her! Now the pull of the arm was very important, and the whole way in which Rodolfo acts out his words afterwards. Now through out the play we had all thought, including Eddie himself had thought that Rodolfo was a soft touch, a man who didnt really like the prospect of a fight. But this scene reveals that he is willing and when he says Dont say that to me! Rodolfo flies at him in attack. It reveals a whole new Rodolfo. It is also the first time Rodolfo style in talking about the bird being freed. It shows that he knows how to make a women happy with words saying Catherine. If I take in my hands a little bird. And she grows and wishes to fly. But I will not let her out of my hands because I love her so much, is that right for me to do? I dont say you must hate him; but anyway you must go, musnt you? which is exactly what Catherine wanted to hear. Catherine: Catherine reveals very little in comparison to Rodolfo as she, for most of our extract is in the background of Eddies and Rodolfos argument. But even then she reveals one very important factor, and that is that she wants to leave home with Rodolfo, the past love for Eddie had not gone but the desire to be with him everyday had. Catherine shows this in very obvious places such as when she says Im going with him it is quite clear that she is wanting to get away. She also shows the first sings of being afraid of Eddie (trembling with fright) I think I have to get out of here. The easiest ways to show this desire to get away would be to, when she had has her arm held by Eddie, is to rip it away in aggression I think I cant stay here no more. ( she frees her arm, steps back towards the bedroom). Now this done aggressively would surely give Eddie the sign that she doesnt want to be there anymore and hopefully the audience as well. Eddie: Eddie, out of the three characters reveals the most. He fina;;y shows just how much he wants Catherine by kissing her. He then reveals to Catherine what he thinks of Rodolfo by kissing him as well. Beforehand he had repeatedly told Alfieri he just aint right Of course it is a big issue abut why Eddie kissed Rodolfo. He had always considered Rodolfo to be homosexual Yeah, but if he aint right, Mr Alfieri, you mean to tell me-. He sang, danced, and had blonde hair, mentioning all three to Alfieri, but was the kiss really used to prove that what he had thought was true? The truth was that Eddie didnt want to lose Catherine, to nobody, so he tries in anyway possible to try and put her of him. Eddie also demonstrates just how aggressive he can be. We show this when he repeatedly grabs her arm to stop her from walking away Pack it up. Go ahead. Get your stuff and get outa here. (Catherine instantly turns and walks towards the bedroom and Eddie grabs her arm) Where you goin? But Eddie also reveals a soft side to him. This is very obvious as Eddie starts to cry Im sorry, Eddie (She sees the tears in his eyes) This is the first time we see Eddie with real emotions for anyone, not even Beatrice. We can only hope that in order to show this on stage is to make it as meaningful as possible. Dramatic Qualities Now putting this all on to stage was not easy to say the least. As students it was very hard to get the love scene at the start right, but the hardest was definitely the kissing scenes Eddie had to perform. We as a group had to first agree on the various roles we were to play, Haakon agreed to play the part of Rodolfo, Natasha as Catherine and myself as Eddie. The first hard task we had to overcome was to make the first scene, the love scene between Rodolfo and Catherine to look serious, and to look like they mean what they say, with love and affection. We had to use the basic skills in which to make the scene look realistic. When they spoke, they held hands, looked straight into each others eyes. We also tried to make the conversation very flirty, for instance when Catherine says I love you! Rodolfo. I love you! we made Natasha hug Haakon to try and convey to the audience that the words had deep meaning. I thought the real advantage to doing this section was that if we achieved an atmosphere of tension between Rodolfo and Eddie then it would look brilliant. And all we needed to do was to have some very long, uncomfortable pauses. There were some really obvious places to use silence to develop the tension, but we choose to focus on when Rodolfo walks back into the Main room to discover Eddie, drunk. We tried to make it as if Eddie is shocked at Rodolfo for even being there and that he was even lost for words until he regains his voice, tries to act all hard again and aggressively points his finger at him. We also thought that at this time Eddie would be ready to leap at Rodolfo so we made sure that he couldnt by making Natasha stand in between the two, acting as a sort of a barrier. Another important part to the structure of the play is the increase of Rodolfos aggression. When he comes on, he comes out with Beatrice went to buy presents for her mother Now this we thought sounded very arrogant, as if to say that shes mine kind of way, so we made sure that he looked as confident as he sounds. So by making sure he stood up tall and talked with a deep voice and without stuttering. But this all changes when they start arguing so we have to try and show a little more timid-ness. We tried to show this in the remainder of his lines, the best example being yes, shell by my wife. Here he has just answered back to Eddie, so he knows that hes gone too far. So now he knows a fight is unavoidable and so he looks frightened and therefore starts to stutter his words. Haakon also has to look less rigid in posture to get this effect. So that it looks as if Eddie is bigger again. Things like the voice must be developed, which was hard as it had to sound like a real American Italian accent to enable to make the play realistic. So instead, we agreed between ourselves that wed all say the lines in our natural voices, otherwise the audience would be laughing at our efforts when they ought not to be. The two hardest parts to the extract was the two issues that Eddie had to perform on Catherine and Rodolfo while at the same time having to have a fight scene. The kissing of Catherine was easier. It just took me to have my back to the audience so that when I had my head close to Natashas, the audience could not see if our lips met. But with the combination of Natashas reaction of squirming around, and my body being rigid, it looked very much like we were kissing. Now the fight scene had to look realistic, not just an immature half effort towards another vital important part in the play, but at the same time we had to make sure that Haakon was going to be safe. Our basic plan was to do a judo trip across my leg, then pick him up by his tie and collar and kiss him on the cheek. Review Analysis Now considering how short a time we had to prepare for the performance, I thought that what we achieved was really a great effort from the whole group. In particular things like the kissing scenes where we dealt with the situation maturely, and it was so realistic that a lot of people asked afterwards if we actually kissed. But the thing I was most pleased with, mature approach we took to the challenge of this very difficult extract. There were a lot of places in the section the actors could have laughed through, but we all took the whole situation seriously. I think on a weaker point, that we failed to make the situation with Eddie and Rodolfo tenser then i think we could have managed. We all got very nervous on stage and so we rushed through our lines, creating very little suspense when it really have ought to. Another bad point was we failed to keep Haakon safe when performing the fight scene. He fell quite badly. But in general our section of the play was a great experience to act and direct in.

Mary Shelleyss Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelleyss Frankenstein Essay He wishes he was dead, feels that the world is mocking him and that he is the only one, who is not loved and cared for in the entire world. He declares war against the species and especially the man who created him. This shows us, that Frankensteins monsters biggest wish really is to be accepted, and when denied this, he goes completly berserk, not wanting to face the facts that are being presented to him. We can also tell, that he has a lot of selfpity, and a great understanding of the unfairness of his situation. But the next day he goes back, because deep inside he still has hope, and he convinces himself, that last nights incident was just too much too early. When arriving at the cottage he discovers that the family has moved, and his last shred of hope disapprears, and he burns down the cottage, and heads for Genevi , to find his creator, so he can take revenge. He feels treated unfairly by Frankenstein, and calls him his cursed, cursed creator, but his need to find him is understandable. He wants to know where he comes from and he wants answers, which is a natural thing for any child, who is not in touch with its roots. On his way he saves a girl from drowning, but gets shot instead of being thanked, and this makes his feelings towards humans more intense. When in Genevi , he captures a young boy, who turns out to be Frankensteins son. He kills him and sets a young girl up for the murder. His reason for doing this is clear: he wants to inflict pain upon Frankenstein. His reason for setting the girl up for the murder is, in his own words, because he is forever robbed of what she could have given him, because of his cursed apperenace. But she gives him an idea. He wants Frankenstein to make him a bride, someone of his own species, as horrible and deformed as himself, so that he will have companionship, which is what he wants more than everything else. The main characteristic of Frankensteins creation, is the longing for acceptance and company, this we can tell by his approces to first his creator and later to other people, and the facts that he has feelings and intelligence. He wants nothing more than to live a normal life, and he curses his creator for making it impossible for him to do that. In the beginning he is not evil, he does not want to kill, but the actions of the humans around him, make him the monster that Frankenstein thought him to be. He feels that humans are the most decietful of species, because they build up your hopes, and tear them back down again. His hunger for revenge is born from the constant defeat he experiences from day to day and especially from the one person who is supposed to love him, his creator, who also denies him a mate. He carries a lot of frustration, that he needs to direct somewhere, and the choice falls upon Frankenstein, the first to ever betray him. Despite all of this, Frankensteins monster never gives really gives up his hope to find a place to belong. This comes to show in the way that he treats the girl he meets in the woods, Frankensteins son, and in the very end of the story, when Frankenstein himself dies. The monster begs for forgiveness and swears to kill himself. His will to live died with Frankenstein, his only connection to the human world, that he longed for so desperatly. Comparative analasys: Frankenstein and his creation are similar to each other in different aspects. Frankenstein has created a thing so dreadful, that no one will ever love it, and has in another sense already killed all the possible loved ones in his creations life. His monster, on the other hand, actually kills all the people Frankenstein holds most dear, continuing the evil circle. The monster runs away from people and hides in the mountans, so that he will not experience any more pain, whilst Frankenstein runs away from the monster and his thought and feelings about his creation, but they both end up being drawn to one another, and the thing that bonds them together. They are both, at some point, after revenge. The monster chases Frankenstein down to confront him and Frankenstein chases the monster, after it has killed his family. The hunter becomes the hunted. They both have big dreams, Frankenstein about creating life and his creation about living life, but none of these dreams ever come true for any of them. Sometimes it seems that Frankenstein and his monster are two halves of the same person, each half competing for the chance to be the ruler of the other half, or that the monster is the result of Frankensteins ego or conscience, that comes back to haunt him. They are forever bonded with each other, the bond of creator and creation, and Frankensteins unwillingness to accept this, leaves both mens lives ruined in the end. Themes of the text Invironment vs. heritage The question is very relevant for this story. This novel can be a great starting point, if you wish to discuss, if heritage or the invironment has the greatest inpact upon someone, who is new in this world. In this story, it is defienetly the invironment that has the greatest influence upon Frankensteins creature. You could say that everyone is born with the same basic needs. The need for love, companionship and a place to belong. Nobody is born evil, niether is the creature, despite the fact, that he is death brought back to life. He has the same needs as everybody else, but the constant rejections of his well-intended feelings and his failures, changes him into something he did not have to become, changes him into what everybody thinks that he is; a monster. In this case, the invironment has destroyed something potentially beautiful. Love and revenge: The story is based upon the topic of love and revenge, in all its different forms. The monster wants only to be loved and accepted in a society that rejects him because of his looks. This superficial society does not look beyond his scary appereance, and he swears that he will revenge himself, which he does to his fullest, killing everyone that Frankenstein holds dear. He claims to hate the human world at this point, but at the same time, he longs for it with an aching heart. Frankenstein never realises that his creation is more than a monster, and feels very little regret towards the treatment of it, he feels that it is more important to protect mankind against this threat than it is to take responsebility of his actions. He spends the rest of his life following the monster to the North Pole, where he dies on board a ship, never succeeding in revenging his loved ones. When the monster discoveres this, he gives up; his last connection to the world has dissappeared, and he begs for forgiveness, and swears to burn himself and all evidence of his existence. Frankenstein only felt love for his creation when it not yet excisted and was only in his mind. As soon as it came to life, he rejected it and never thought a kind thought about it again. The creation is here his opposite; he starts off only wanting to love, later wanting revenge, but with the hope of recieving love still deeply a part of his nature. The modern Prometheus Mary Shelley subtitles her novel, The modern Prometheus. Prometheus, an ancient Greek, stole fire from the gods, to give to the humans. As punishment for his undoing, he was chaining to a rock, and everyday a bird-of-prey would come and eat his liver, which would then grow back. Mary Shelley did not chose this subtitle for no reason. It most certainly relates to Victor Frankenstein and his creation. Victor stole a power from God, the power to create life, and he is severly punished for this. His horrible creation comes back to haunt both his mind and his psysical being every day for the rest of his life. Victors gift to the world causes death, and the same does Prometheus. Though both men meant well, their interference with forces beyond their power, brings only death and destruction, especially for the two men themselves. Perspective to the period: The novel was written during an early phase of the Industrial Revolution, at a time of dramatic advances in science and technology. The fact that the creation rebels against its creator, can be a warning from Mary Shelley, that science can lead to terrible consequences, if you do not take responsebility for your actions. This was a time, where young scientist felt, that the world was at their feet and that they had endless possibilities, and experiments to try and revive dead bodies did indeed take place when Mary grew up, and has most likely inspired her to write the story. This was also a time, were people were both facinated and scared by the new science of electricity, and Mary chose to include both this science and the science of chemistry, which was of high interest to the generel public and to herself, in her book. Mary Shelley wrote her novel not long after the gothic novels heyday in the 1790s, and there was definitely a market for these kind of stories. It is hard to make a final conclusion of this book. There are so many topics and themes, questions and feelings to discuss, that it would take forever to get through them all, which makes this book more than just a horror story meant to frighten you. This is a novel of great seriousness, and you instantly get caught in the whirlwind of emotions, that Frankenstein and his creation both have. Mary Shelley tries in her book, to dissect the human nature, while telling a captivating tale of two mens journey through life, and the terrible things humans can do to one another. Rikke Juelsgaard Petersen Til d. 25, september 07 Engelsk aflevering EG, 2e 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

The Cell Adhesion Practical

The Cell Adhesion Practical The extracellular matrix consists of many polymeric proteins and polysaccharides that are assembled into an organised meshwork. The extracellular matrix in our own bodies can be found as connective tissues such as bone and tendon. In animals the extracellular matrix forms a structure called the basal lamina. Basal lamina is a thin, tough, flexible sheet of matrix molecules and is essential in underpinning all of the epithelia. The basal lamina separates the cells and epithelia from the surrounding connective tissue and forms a connection between them. A Basal lamina determines the cell polarity, promotes cell survival, proliferation, and serves as a direct route for cell migration. The basal lamina in the extracellular matrix of animals consists of two main classes of extracellular macromolecules: fibrous proteins known as glycoproteins and gylcosaminoglycans which are polysaccharide chains covalently linked to core proteins to form proteoglycans. The matrix applies powerful influenc es on the cells. These influences are applied mainly through transmembrane cell adhesion proteins that act as matrix receptors. These matrix receptors have a main role in epithelial cells and mediating their interactions with the basal lamina. Many types of molecules can function as matrix receptors. The main receptors on animal cells for binding most extracellular matrix proteins are the integrins. Integrins are a large family of heterodimeric proteins that exist as both alpha and beta heterodimers. Many matrix proteins in vertebrates have multiple integrins. 5 can bind to Laminin and 9 types of ÃŽ ² subunits and 24 of ÃŽ ± subunits are formed from human integrins. ÃŽ ²1 subunits form dimers with 12 ÃŽ ± subunits. These subunits are found on all vertebrates and an example of this integrin is the ÃŽ ±6ÃŽ ²1 Laminin receptor. Fibrinogen is bound by the ÃŽ ²3 integrins. These integrins are found on many cells such as blood platelets. Platelets interact with fibrinogen during blood clo tting. It is known for ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²1 to bind to collagens, ÃŽ ±5ÃŽ ²1 binds to fibronectin, and ÃŽ ±6ÃŽ ²1 binds to laminins. The binding of a matrix component to an integrin can send a message to the inner part of the cell, and this causes the interior part of the cell to send a signal back to the matrix. The extracellular matrix of connective tissues plays an important role in many muticellular organisms. The connective tissue in the matrix is constructed from glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides which form proteoglycans and fibrous proteins such as collagen. The collagen fibres strengthen and help organise the matrix together. The fibrous proteins give the matrix the flexibility. Collagens are secreted in large quantities by the connective tissue cells. A main feature of a collagen molecule is its triple helical structure. The fibrous proteins give the matrix strength and form structures to which the cells can be anchored using glycoproteins such as Laminin and fibronectin that have ma ny binding sites for integrins on the cell surface. Laminin is the first extracellular protein synthesised in a developing embryo. It is made up of three polypeptide chains held together by disulphide bonds. The extracellular matrix also contains noncollagen proteins with multiple domains and specific binding sites for receptors on the surface of cells. These proteins organise the matrix and help cells attach to the matrix. The extracellular matrix components are degraded by proteolytic enzymes called proteases that act close to the cells that produce them. These proteases belong to two general classes: matrix metalloproteases and serine proteases. Matrix metalloproteases depend on bound Ca2+ and Zn2+ for activity. The matrix metalloproteases and serine proteases cooperate to degrade the matrix proteins collagen, Laminin, and fibrinogen. The adhesion assay to be used in this experiment involves using trypsin. Trypsin is an enzyme used to remove the living C6 glioma cells from the confluent dish. Gilal cells are important cells in the brain. The experiment will use rat tumour cells. The media will be grown in calf serum. The Calf serum contains growth factors which are used for cells to divide and also contains the ECM components such as fibrinogen. Trypsin is dissolved in a solution that contains a divalent cation cheladtum. This will interfere with the calcium and magnesium cations that are important f or cell-cell interaction and cell matrix interactions. The cells will be put in suspension to see how they attach to different ECM components and then placed in the two top lanes of a 96 well dish. The first lane will contain Laminin, collagen I, and fibrinogen. The 2nd lane is the control. When matrix components are placed on well they will stick but not all stick this is when BSA is used in second lane. BSA is a protein added to other ECMs to block the sites that the 3 different ECM components havent stuck to. (1)(2)(3)(4)(8)(9) Cell adhesion assays are useful in many aspects of cell physiology and the mechanism of the adhesive response itself. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) are proteins located on the cell surface that are involved with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the process called cell adhesion. Cell adhesion molecules have been identified from epithelial cells and studies demonstrate the role of extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin and Laminin in cell attachment to matrix. These proteins contain specific domains which interact with other matrix components such as collagen. Cell adhesion is a complex process that involves molecular interactions and receptor ligand binding. Adhesion assays measure the contacts between a cell and extracellular adhesion proteins and also provide information about the cellular events. Cell adhesion assays are used to test the ability of a cell line to adhere to a subtrate(4)(5). The methods for measuring cell adhesion can be divided into two types. In the first type of methods, cell adhesion is analysed under static conditions. Static assays are used widely to assess the adhesion of different types of cells such as fibroblasts and epithelial cells. This assay describes the cells ability to adhere. This method is simple to perform and provides assessment of the adhesiveness of cells to a defined extracellular matrix substrate for example Laminin. However, static assay methods poorly stimulate adhesion that occurs in blood. Therefore, a second method is used to measure the cell adhesion using flow chambers. The use of flow chambers enables the researcher to stimulate blood flow and to reconstruct cell systems in the presence of shear. Flow chambers are available commercially and most commonly used to study leukocyte adhesion, either with endothelial cells or to substrates purified ligands. The aim of this practical is to perform a cell adhesion assay with 3 di fferent ECM components and to investigate the ability of extracellular components to adhere to c6 glioma cells. (4)(5) Results In the practical there was an experimental error this is due to mixing with serum. Therefore only B9-B12 was used along with other colleagues results. Trypsin is an enzyme used to remove the living C6 glioma cells from the confluent dish. Gilal cells are important cells in the brain. The experiment used rat tumour cells. Trypsin is a protease used to degrade the ECM proteins. Trypsin is dissolved in a solution that contains a divalent cation cheladtum. This will interfere with the calcium, magnesium cations that are important for cell-cell interaction and cell matrix interactions. Cells are put in suspension to see how cells attach to different ECM components. Discussion From the results it is shown a hierarchy of ECM components can be concluded. Matrix 1 concludes to be fibrinogen; this is because it is the least to adhere with C6 glioma cells. Asano et al,(2004) stated that C6 cells adhered a little more than twice as well to type I collagen as to Laminin this can be clearly shown on the bar chart as the two greater bars (matrix 2 and 3) indicating fibrinogen as the least. Results for both individual and model show C6 glioma cells adhered well to both type I collagen and laminin-1 but C6 glioma cells did not adhere well to fibrinogen. A reason to why the C6 glioma cells did not adhere could be that they are derived from glial cells in the rat brain. Cells derived from gilal cells are unlikely to adhere with fibrinogen and therefore unlikely to express integrins which interact with fibrinogen and this can be seen clearly in both model data and own data. A number of integrins require activation to bind their ligand and anchor the cell to the ECM. For example alphaIIb beta 3 integrin from platelets cannot bind to fibrinogen unless the platelets are activated by binding collagen or thrombin in a forming clot. The activation leads to changes in the integrin which are linked to the cytoskeleton remodelling. In both the model data and own matrix 3 shows to have the greatest absorbance and adherence. This is because collagen is the most abundant protein and most of the extracellular matrix is made up of collagen. Collagen shows the most adherences to the cells this is because collagen contains more integrin receptors than the other ECM components. Trypsin breaks down the ECM properties and therefore cells appear separated under the microscope. A reason to a higher adherence to collagen could be trypsin breaks down the collagen components faster than fibrinogen. A low adherence is shown for fibrinogen this is because fibrinogen in the brain is low. Glioma cells originate from the brain and therefore they would not encounter with fibri nogen so the integrins only bind to collagen and Laminin.(3)(2) Another experiment in determining which integrins are important in cell adhesion to the ECM component is using antibodies. Antibodies identify the functions of the ECM receptors in cell attachment and cell migration by attaching to the alpha and beta and are also used to block adhesion to ECM .Blocking the function of the beta subunit inhibited cell adhesion to Laminin and fibronectin. These results were expected because a beta polypeptide can associate with several alphas to form receptors for collagen and Laminin. In the late 80s functionally blocking antibodies were used on ÃŽ ±2 integrins to block adhesion to collagens and ÃŽ ²1 integrins blocked the adhesion to several ligands. 2 Rat monoclonal antibodies have been used against integrins. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 13 recognizes the integrin class 1 beta polypeptide and monoclonal antibody 16 recognizes the fibronectin receptor. These monoclonal antibodies were used to test the inhibitory activities in cell adhesion, spreading, and migration using w138 human fibroblasts. It was shown mAb 13 inhibited the attachment and spreading of w138 cells on fibronectin and Laminin substrates. It was shown Laminin mediated adhesion and was sensitive to mAb 13 compared to mAb 16 which showed cell attachment to fibronectin but not Laminin. This shows this receptor is not involved in Laminin cell adhesion. (7) The ÃŽ ±1ÃŽ ²1 integrin can bind to collagen types I, II, III, and V but favours other subtypes such as type IV and XIII. This is why ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²1 integrin is the major receptor for type 1 collagen. An experiment in determining the collagen receptors is to see the effect of collagenase-cleavage of type I collagen on a2b1 integrin-mediated. Collagenase-3 cleavage of type 1 collagen has shown to have an effect on ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²1 integrin. An isolated ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²1 integrin and ÃŽ ±2 integrin A- domain were found to bind native collagen and native k fragment. It was shown integrins were lost after heat denaturation of the collagen fragments and shown human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080) adhered to type 1 collagen and k fragment at 37Â °C. HT1080 cells cultured on type 1 collagen and collagen fragments expressed high in ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²1 integrin on cell surface and very little to ÃŽ ±vÃŽ ²3 integrin detected by immunolocalization. This experiment shows that ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²1 integrin binding to type 1 collagen i s dependent on the maintenance of the collagen triple helical conformation. (6) Inconclusion integrins are important adhesion molecules involved in cell-cell- matrix adhesions.